Abstract In mountain landscapes, agricultural abandonment is taking place in the most vulnerable areas, while intensification increases in the most productive lands. These contrasting processes, which have different impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES), are related to changes in the farming system component of these landscapes. Farming systems are identified based on farmer’s decisions on, for example, type of crop and level of fertilizers, which represent the descriptors of farming systems and can be grouped into several dimensions (e.g. land use and intensity). Since obtaining this data at farm-level is often difficult, an alternative is to study the spatial combinations of farming systems at parish-level, i.e., Farming System Mixes (FSM), relying on agricultural census data. Other biophysical (e.g. climate, soil) and socioeconomic (e.g. labour, farmer’s age) variables, independent of farmers' decisions, represent the exogenous drivers of these decisions. The separation between descriptors and drivers is important to improve knowledge about what drives farmers' decisions regarding farming system choice, as these choices are often the focus of policies aiming the support of BES. In this study, we explored the underlying drivers of FSM and assessed the role of socioeconomic drivers, main target for policy makers, in a context of strong biophysical gradients. Biophysical drivers emerge as those that primarily discriminate between the FSM located in different topographic positions (valleys, mountains and plateau). In the situations where there is a greater range of productive choices available for farmers, such as in valleys, socioeconomic drivers assume a preponderant role on farming system choice.

中文翻译：

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识别和解释农业景观的耕作系统组成：强生物物理梯度下社会经济驱动因素的作用

摘要 在山地景观中，最脆弱的地区正在发生农业遗弃，而生产力最高的土地的集约化程度也在增加。这些对生物多样性和生态系统服务 (BES) 产生不同影响的对比过程与这些景观的农业系统组成部分的变化有关。耕作系统是基于农民对作物类型和肥料水平的决定而确定的，这些决定代表了耕作系统的描述，可以分为几个维度（例如土地利用和强度）。由于在农场层面获得这些数据通常很困难，因此另一种方法是研究教区层面农业系统的空间组合，即农业系统组合 (FSM)，依靠农业普查数据。其他生物物理（例如气候、土壤）和社会经济（例如劳动力、农民的年龄）变量，独立于农民的决定，代表了这些决定的外生驱动因素。描述符和驱动因素之间的分离对于提高关于驱动农民关于农业系统选择的决策的了解很重要，因为这些选择通常是旨在支持 BES 的政策的重点。在这项研究中，我们探讨了 FSM 的潜在驱动因素，并评估了社会经济驱动因素（政策制定者的主要目标）在强生物物理梯度背景下的作用。生物物理驱动因素主要是区分位于不同地形位置（山谷、山脉和高原）的 FSM。在农民有更多生产选择的情况下，例如在山谷中，