The use of check-dams in mountain environments to regulate fluxes of water and sediments is widely applied across Mediterranean mountains. Besides the use of “grey infrastructures” such as check-dams, other restoration and hydrological control measures rely more on the use of “green infrastructures” or “nature-based solutions” (e.g. reforestation, buffer lines) or a combination of both types of measures. It is widely accepted that both are complementary, and that prioritization should be based on economic, ecological and cultural criteria. This paper brings together all the knowledge generated during more than one decade concerning the impact of land use changes, reforestation, and hydrological control works on several ecosystem services in a representative Mediterranean catchment. The work evaluates different management scenarios aiming to optimize provision of ecosystem services in the area.

The study area is a medium-sized catchment (∼300 km²) in Southeast Spain, representative of Mediterranean mountains that experienced agricultural land abandonment, greening up, and restoration works in the second half of the twentieth century. The methods combined: (i) previous research results for the area that were organized in an ecosystem services framework, providing data for three representative scenarios of catchment management; (ii) the use of value content analysis of the existing management plans for the area to understand the view of the managers; and (iii) a multicriteria analysis of the management scenarios to determine the most sustainable scenario to optimize different ecosystem services. The results of the evaluation were later validated with the stakeholders (technicians and managers involved in the management plans) through interviews.

Our results show that solutions that respect landscape and ecological dynamics are more sustainable and cheaper in the medium and long term than scenarios based on “grey infrastructures”, although the latter could have more desirable short-term impacts. The value analysis reflects how there are some concepts, such as ecosystem services, that could easily be further incorporated into several management plans. When choosing a management scenario, this needs to be adapted to the local environmental conditions and to the specific objectives of the restoration works. Tailor-made management scenarios taking into account two factors (local conditions and specific management objectives) can optimize resources and achieve medium to long-term sustainability.

在山区环境中使用止水坝来调节水和沉积物的通量在整个地中海山区得到了广泛应用。除了使用“灰色基础设施”（例如防洪坝）以外，其他恢复和水文控制措施也更多地依赖于“绿色基础设施”或“基于自然的解决方案”（例如重新造林，缓冲线）或两种类型的组合措施。两者是相辅相成的，人们普遍认为，优先次序应基于经济，生态和文化标准。本文汇集了十多年来产生的所有有关土地利用变化，重新造林和水文控制工作对代表性地中海流域几种生态系统服务的影响的知识。

研究区域是中型集水区（约300 km ²）在西班牙东南部，代表地中海山脉，在20世纪下半叶经历了农业用地的废弃，绿化和恢复工作。这些方法结合在一起：（i）在生态系统服务框架中组织的该地区以前的研究结果，为流域管理的三种代表性方案提供了数据；（ii）利用该地区现有管理计划的价值内容分析来了解管理人员的观点；（iii）对管理方案进行多准则分析，以确定最可持续的方案，以优化不同的生态系统服务。随后，通过访谈与利益相关者（参与管理计划的技术人员和管理人员）对评估结果进行了验证。

我们的结果表明，与基于“灰色基础设施”的方案相比，在中长期来看，尊重景观和生态动态的解决方案更可持续，更便宜，尽管后者可能具有更理想的短期影响。价值分析反映了如何将某些概念（例如生态系统服务）轻松地进一步整合到多个管理计划中。在选择管理方案时，需要适应当地的环境条件和修复工作的特定目标。量身定制的管理方案考虑了两个因素（当地​​条件和特定管理目标），可以优化资源并实现中长期的可持续性。