Abstract Since the early 2000s, pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) has been continuously investigated, based on its potential to harvest energy from a salinity gradient. However, recent negative reports on its fundamental feasibility and the closure of the largest industrial implementation have slowed its momentum, with regard to its commercialization. In this respect, this review provides insights into the current status of PRO technologies in membrane fabrication, module design, process optimization, and industrial movements for the commercialization of PRO. Notably, despite dramatic advancements in lab-scale PRO membrane performance, recent modeling studies have revealed advanced membrane properties have only a minor impact on PRO performance. In contrast, developing PRO module designs are deemed to have paramount importance, due to the drastically low module performance compared to lab-scale membrane performance, and high potential of design modification to resolve inefficient PRO module structures. Various simulation methods for optimizing PRO processes using the classic mass transfer model, thermodynamics, and machine learning optimizations are comparatively analyzed. Integrations of seawater reverse osmosis and PRO and other hybrid processes with PRO are discussed in terms of recent pilot-scale implementations and modeling results. Finally, small and large industrial movements and projects for PRO commercialization are analyzed in detail, based on their quantitative outcomes.

中文翻译：

---

压力延迟渗透可行性的全面回顾：最近的技术进步和工业化努力

摘要 自 2000 年代初以来，基于其从盐度梯度收集能量的潜力，压力延迟渗透 (PRO) 一直受到持续研究。然而，最近关于其基本可行性和最大工业实施关闭的负面报道减缓了其商业化的势头。在这方面，这篇综述提供了对 PRO 技术在膜制造、模块设计、工艺优化和 PRO 商业化工业运动方面的现状的见解。值得注意的是，尽管实验室规模的 PRO 膜性能取得了巨大进步，但最近的建模研究表明，先进的膜特性对 PRO 性能的影响很小。相比之下，开发 PRO 模块设计被认为是最重要的，由于与实验室规模的膜性能相比，组件性能极低，以及解决低效 PRO 组件结构的设计修改潜力很大。比较分析了使用经典传质模型、热力学和机器学习优化优化 PRO 过程的各种模拟方法。海水反渗透和 PRO 以及其他混合过程与 PRO 的集成在最近的中试规模实施和建模结果方面进行了讨论。最后，根据定量结果，详细分析了用于 PRO 商业化的小型和大型工业运动和项目。比较分析了使用经典传质模型、热力学和机器学习优化优化 PRO 过程的各种模拟方法。海水反渗透和 PRO 以及其他混合过程与 PRO 的集成在最近的中试规模实施和建模结果方面进行了讨论。最后，根据定量结果，详细分析了用于 PRO 商业化的小型和大型工业运动和项目。比较分析了使用经典传质模型、热力学和机器学习优化优化 PRO 过程的各种模拟方法。海水反渗透和 PRO 以及其他混合过程与 PRO 的集成在最近的中试规模实施和建模结果方面进行了讨论。最后，根据定量结果，详细分析了用于 PRO 商业化的小型和大型工业运动和项目。