Abstract Silage represents a major part of the feed ration for livestock, being a potential cause of mycotoxicosis as it can be contaminated with toxigenic fungi capable of producing mycotoxins in suitable environmental conditions. In the present work, the presence of natural mycotoxins in samples collected of silage from the main producing areas in Tunisia (Ariana, Bizerte, Beja and Jendouba) was assessed based on different plant material (oat, barley, triticale, artichoke, sulla or raygrass). Mycotoxins were evaluated during three periods in green forage (P1) and subsequently in ensiled products after 60 days (P2) and 100 days (P3) of fermentation. Samples were extracted by a QuEChERS procedure and analyzed by mass spectrometry for the determination of 23 mycotoxins. The results showed the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2 toxin, zearalenone (ZEA), enniatins (ENA1, ENB, ENB1) and beauvericine (BEA); as well as one Alternaria mycotoxin tentoxin (TENT). The highest values detected were for DON in the three periods. DON maximum value were 381, 2053 and 916 µg/kg for P1, P2 and P3, respectively. This study demonstrated the presence of fungi and DON, ZEA and ENs contamination in Tunisian silage without a recognized risk on the ruminants or further in humans. However, a continuous enhancement of the silage quality, and management and control of mycotoxins, should be implemented to ensure safe ensilable plant material.

中文翻译：

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突尼斯发酵前和后发酵青贮饲料中存在霉菌毒素

摘要 青贮饲料是牲畜饲料配给的主要部分，是真菌中毒的潜在原因，因为它可能被能够在合适的环境条件下产生真菌毒素的产毒真菌污染。在目前的工作中，根据不同的植物材料（燕麦、大麦、黑小麦、朝鲜蓟、苏拉或raygrass）评估了从突尼斯主要产区（阿里安娜、比塞大、贝贾和詹杜巴）采集的青贮样品中天然霉菌毒素的存在。 ）。在三个时期内对青饲料 (P1) 和随后在发酵 60 天 (P2) 和 100 天 (P3) 后的青贮产品中的霉菌毒素进行了评估。样品通过 QuEChERS 程序提取，并通过质谱法进行分析，以确定 23 种真菌毒素。结果显示存在镰刀菌毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (DON)、HT-2 毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮 (ZEA)、恩尼克菌素 (ENA1、ENB、ENB1) 和白僵菌素 (BEA)；以及一种 Alternaria mycotoxin Tentoxin (TENT)。检测到的最高值是三个时期内的呕吐毒素。P1、P2 和 P3 的 DON 最大值分别为 381、2053 和 916 µg/kg。该研究表明，突尼斯青贮饲料中存在真菌和 DON、ZEA 和 EN 污染，但对反刍动物或人类没有公认的风险。然而，应实施青贮饲料质量的持续提高以及霉菌毒素的管理和控制，以确保安全的青贮植物材料。分别为 P2 和 P3。该研究表明，突尼斯青贮饲料中存在真菌和 DON、ZEA 和 EN 污染，但对反刍动物或人类没有公认的风险。然而，应实施青贮饲料质量的持续提高以及霉菌毒素的管理和控制，以确保安全的青贮植物材料。分别为 P2 和 P3。该研究表明，突尼斯青贮饲料中存在真菌和 DON、ZEA 和 EN 污染，但对反刍动物或人类没有公认的风险。然而，应实施青贮饲料质量的持续提高以及霉菌毒素的管理和控制，以确保安全的青贮植物材料。