In the absence of minerals as stiffening agents, insects and spiders often use metal‐ion cross‐linking of protein matrices in their fully organic load‐bearing “tools.” In this comparative study, the hierarchical fiber architecture, elemental distribution, and the micromechanical properties of the manganese‐ and calcium‐rich cuticle of the claws of the spider Cupiennius salei , and the Zn‐rich cuticle of the cheliceral fangs of the same animal are analyzed. By correlating experimental results to finite element analysis, functional microstructural and compositional adaptations are inferred leading to remarkable damage resilience and abrasion tolerance, respectively. The results further reveal that the incorporation of both zinc and manganese/calcium correlates well with increased biomaterial's stiffness and hardness. However, the abrasion‐resistance of the claw material cross‐linked by incorporation of Mn/Ca‐ions surpasses that of many other non‐mineralized biological counterparts and is comparable to that of the fang with more than triple Zn content. These biomaterial‐adaptation paradigms for enhanced wear‐resistance may serve as novel design principles for advanced, high‐performance, functional surfaces, and graded materials.

中文翻译：

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耐磨性和抗损伤性的适应：蜘蛛表皮“工具”的微力学

在缺少矿物质作为增强剂的情况下，昆虫和蜘蛛通常在其完全有机的承重“工具”中使用蛋白质基质的金属离子交联。在这项比较研究中，蜘蛛Cupiennius salei爪的富含锰和钙的表皮的分层纤维结构，元素分布以及微机械特性，并分析了同一只动物的虎牙的富锌表皮。通过将实验结果与有限元分析相关联，可以推断出功能性的微观结构和成分适应性，分别导致了显着的损伤回弹性和耐磨性。结果进一步表明，锌和锰/钙的掺入与生物材料的刚度和硬度增加有很好的相关性。但是，通过掺入Mn / Ca-离子交联的爪材料的耐磨性超过了许多其他非矿化生物对应物，并且与具有三倍以上Zn含量的毒牙相当。这些用于增强耐磨性的生物材料适应范例可作为高级，高性能，功能性表面的新颖设计原理，