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A Scheimpflug lidar used to observe insect swarming at a wind turbine
Ecological Indicators ( IF 6.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-25 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106578
Samuel Jansson , Elin Malmqvist , Mikkel Brydegaard , Susanne Åkesson , Jens Rydell

Wind turbines have considerable impact on flying animals, particularly bats, which are sometimes killed in large numbers by the moving rotors. A longstanding question remains why bats are attracted to wind turbines and risk their lives among the moving rotor blades. One hypothesis is that they feed on insects swarming around the turbine towers and another is that they congregate there to court. The two are not mutually exclusive and may occur more or less simultaneously. It has been difficult to distinguish these hypothesis, because techniques that permit observations of small insects over the relevant distances (~100 m) in the dark are lacking. In this study, we monitored insects at the top of a wind turbine using a novel high-resolution Scheimpflug lidar. The instrument was employed around dusk during ten late summer nights in 2018, with the principal aim to evaluate its performance under real field conditions. Insect swarms were observed near the top of the turbine tower on every night. They appeared in short intervals and varied in density, timing, exact location and size of the swarming insects from day to day. Swarms formed in the afternoon and either dispersed around sunset before the emergence of bats, or remained until darkness, when bats arrived at the turbine. Some of the bats fed there, as indicated by ultrasonic feeding-buzzes, and also engaged in social interactions possibly including courtship, as indicated by song-flights. Daily variation in the formation, dispersal and behavior of the insect swarms appeared to be influenced by temperature and wind speed and also differed among the insect species.



中文翻译:

Scheimpflug激光雷达,用于观察风力涡轮机上的昆虫群

风力涡轮机对飞行中的动物,特别是蝙蝠产生重大影响,它们有时会被移动的转子杀死。一个长期存在的问题仍然是,为什么蝙蝠会被风力涡轮机吸引,并在旋转的转子叶片之间冒生命危险。一种假设是它们以涡轮机塔周围聚集的昆虫为食,而另一种假设是它们聚集在法庭上。两者不是互斥的,并且可能或多或少同时发生。很难区分这些假设,因为缺乏在黑暗中可以在相关距离(约100 m)观察小昆虫的技术。在这项研究中,我们使用新型高分辨率Scheimpflug激光雷达监控了风力涡轮机顶部的昆虫。该乐器于2018年夏末的十个夜晚在黄昏附近使用,其主要目的是评估其在实际条件下的性能。每天晚上在涡轮机塔顶附近观察到昆虫群。它们以短的间隔出现,并且每天都在聚集昆虫的密度,时间,确切位置和大小上变化。群体在下午形成,或者在蝙蝠出现之前在日落附近散布,或者一直持续到黑暗,当蝙蝠到达涡轮机。如超声波喂食蜂鸣声所示,一些蝙蝠在那里觅食,并且如歌曲飞行所示,也参与社交活动,可能包括求爱。昆虫群的日形成,散布和行为的日常变化似乎受温度和风速的影响,并且在昆虫种类之间也有所不同。每天晚上在涡轮机塔顶附近观察到昆虫群。它们以短的间隔出现,并且日复一日地聚集着昆虫,它们的密度,时间,确切的位置和大小各不相同。群体在下午形成,或者在蝙蝠出现之前在日落附近散布,或者一直持续到黑暗,当蝙蝠到达涡轮机。如超声波喂食蜂鸣声所示,一些蝙蝠在那里觅食,并且如歌曲飞行所示,也参与社交活动,可能包括求爱。昆虫群的日形成,散布和行为的日常变化似乎受温度和风速的影响,并且在昆虫种类之间也有所不同。每天晚上在涡轮机塔顶附近观察到昆虫群。它们以短的间隔出现,并且日复一日地聚集着昆虫,它们的密度,时间,确切的位置和大小各不相同。蜂群在下午形成,或者在蝙蝠出现之前在日落附近散布,或者一直持续到蝙蝠到达涡轮机的黑暗。如超声波喂食蜂鸣声所示,一些蝙蝠在那里觅食,并且如歌曲飞行所示,也参与社交活动,可能包括求爱。昆虫群的形成,散布和行为的日常变化似乎受温度和风速的影响,并且在昆虫种类之间也有所不同。每天昆虫的确切位置和大小。群体在下午形成,或者在蝙蝠出现之前在日落附近散布,或者一直持续到黑暗,当蝙蝠到达涡轮机。如超声波喂食蜂鸣声所示,一些蝙蝠在那里觅食,并且如歌曲飞行所示,也参与社交活动,可能包括求爱。昆虫群的日形成,散布和行为的日常变化似乎受温度和风速的影响,并且在昆虫种类之间也有所不同。每天昆虫的确切位置和大小。群体在下午形成,或者在蝙蝠出现之前在日落附近散布,或者一直持续到黑暗,当蝙蝠到达涡轮机。如超声波喂食蜂鸣声所示,一些蝙蝠在那里觅食,并且如歌曲飞行所示,也参与社交活动,可能包括求爱。昆虫群的日形成,散布和行为的日常变化似乎受温度和风速的影响,并且在昆虫种类之间也有所不同。如超声波喂食蜂鸣声所示,并且还参与了社交互动,可能包括求爱,如歌曲飞行所示。昆虫群的日形成,散布和行为的日常变化似乎受温度和风速的影响,并且在昆虫种类之间也有所不同。如超声波喂食蜂鸣声所示,并且还参与了社交互动,可能包括求爱,如歌曲飞行所示。昆虫群的日形成,散布和行为的日常变化似乎受温度和风速的影响,并且在昆虫种类之间也有所不同。

更新日期:2020-06-25
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