Abstract The water quality deteriorated in the middle of the 1970s in the Albufera lake, a shallow Mediterranean coastal lagoon in the east coast of Spain. In few years, the water changed from an oligotrophic status to hypereutrophic as the lagoon received sewage and agrochemicals, lacking adequate sanitation facilities. For more than 40 years, the lake was used as a wastewater treatment plant given the urban development in the surrounding area. It was not until the early 1990s, 20 years after the hypereutrophic state was reached, when the first sanitation facility protecting the lake was implemented: a perimeter intercepting sewer carrying out the sewage to a waste water treatment plant. This paper describes the different engineering solutions and tools implemented to improve the water quality in the Albufera lagoon. We describe the measures and their effects on the water quality as well as their limits. Those are sanitation solutions as sewers, wastewaters treatment plants, stormwater detention tanks, and nature based solutions as constructed wetlands that have been used in these years. In addition, the role of agricultural activity in the water balance (quantity and quality), the importance of sediments management and the use of water quality models in environmental engineering have been assessed. Evidences of the improvement of environmental quality are the decrease of mean clorophyll a concentration from 800 μg Chl a l−1 in 1980s to less than 100 μg Chl a l−1 currently observed, the increase of water transparency and the recovery of macrophytes within the lake or the presence of winterbirds which disappeared years ago.

中文翻译：

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Albufera 湖（西班牙巴伦西亚）富营养化五十年：原因、演变和修复策略

摘要 1970 年代中期，西班牙东海岸地中海沿岸浅水泻湖阿尔布费拉湖的水质恶化。几年后，由于泻湖接收污水和农用化学品，缺乏足够的卫生设施，水从贫营养状态变为超富营养状态。40 多年来，鉴于周边地区的城市发展，该湖被用作污水处理厂。直到 1990 年代初，即达到超富营养化状态 20 年后，才实施了第一个保护湖泊的卫生设施：一条周边截流下水道，将污水输送到污水处理厂。本文描述了为改善 Albufera 泻湖水质而实施的不同工程解决方案和工具。我们描述了这些措施及其对水质的影响及其限制。这些是下水道、废水处理厂、雨水蓄水池等卫生解决方案，以及近年来使用的人工湿地等基于自然的解决方案。此外，还评估了农业活动在水平衡（数量和质量）中的作用、沉积物管理的重要性以及水质模型在环境工程中的使用。环境质量改善的证据是叶绿素 a 平均浓度从 1980 年代的 800 μg Chl al-1 降低到目前观察到的小于 100 μg Chl al-1、水透明度增加和湖中大型植物的恢复或多年前消失的冬鸟的存在。