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Errors lead to transient impairments in memory formation.
Cognition ( IF 4.011 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-25 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104338
Alexandra Decker 1 , Amy Finn 1 , Katherine Duncan 1
Affiliation  

Making an error triggers a host of cognitive and behavioral adjustments theorized to boost task engagement and facilitate learning. Yet how errors influence memory formation – a cognitive process foundational to learning – remains unknown. Adaptive cognitive accounts of error processing propose that errors increase arousal, task-engagement, and attention, and should therefore enhance subsequent memory formation. Conversely, non-adaptive accounts of error processing and related research in arousal-mediated memory selectivity predict that errors could impair subsequent memory formation. We tested these divergent predictions in two experiments. In experiment 1, participants categorized trial-unique images as ‘living’ or ‘nonliving’, and following a short delay, performed a surprise recognition memory task. In contrast to what adaptive cognitive accounts of error processing would predict, people formed memories more poorly after errors, even when performance after errors was accurate. In experiment 2, we asked whether poorer memory formation after errors correlated with arousal or visual engagement after errors. Participants performed a modified Simon task in which they categorized trial-unique images as ‘natural’ or ‘man-made’, while we recorded pupil dilation and visual fixations. Recognition memory was subsequently tested. We found that people who encoded memories more poorly after errors had larger pupillary responses to errors and spent less time fixating on stimuli after errors relative to before. Our results support non-adaptive theories of error processing by showing that errors transiently impair memory formation, possibly by increasing arousal and capturing attention.



中文翻译:

错误会导致记忆形成的短暂损伤。

犯错会引发一系列认知和行为调整,理论上可以提高任务参与度并促进学习。然而,错误如何影响记忆形成——学习的基础认知过程——仍然未知。错误处理的适应性认知说明表明错误会增加唤醒、任务参与和注意力,因此应该会增强随后的记忆形成。相反,错误处理的非适应性说明和唤醒介导的记忆选择性的相关研究预测错误可能会损害随后的记忆形成。我们在两个实验中测试了这些不同的预测。在实验 1 中,参与者将试验独特的图像分类为“有生命的”或“无生命的”,并在短暂的延迟后执行了一项意外识别记忆任务。与错误处理的自适应认知解释所预测的相反,人们在错误后形成的记忆更差,即使错误后的表现是准确的。在实验 2 中,我们询问错误后较差的记忆形成是否与错误后的唤醒或视觉参与相关。参与者执行了一项修改后的西蒙任务,他们将试验独特的图像分类为“自然”或“人造”,同时我们记录瞳孔扩张和视觉注视。随后测试了识别记忆。我们发现,错误后记忆编码较差的人对错误的瞳孔反应更大,并且相对于之前,错误后花费更少的时间固定在刺激上。我们的结果支持错误处理的非自适应理论,表明错误会暂时损害记忆形成,可能是通过增加唤醒和吸引注意力。

更新日期:2020-06-25
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