Abstract Researchers have a great interest in determining the characteristics of shock wave propagation by an underwater explosion. But it involves complex physical processes near boundaries during the underwater explosion. The major issues are explosions, fluid interactions, fluid–structure interactions, and shock wave propagation. In general, the underwater explosion leads to shock wave propagation and it moves toward two types of boundaries. The first one is the free surface of the water, and the second is fluid–structure interaction. The underwater explosion also deals with bulk cavitation behind shock waves. This paper deals with the shock wave propagation and bulk cavitation because of the underwater explosion near the free surface. The computation and analytical results of the underwater explosion were discussed and compared. Also, polynomial and Mie–Gruneisen (shock) equation of state (EOS) of water was implemented to determine the incompressible nature of water and to get realistic results. The results of both the EOS of water were compared against each other and validated against analytical results. These results show that the equation of state of water and water–air interface has a significant influence on the characteristics of the shock wave propagation and unsteady cavitation near the free surface. Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

---

水下爆炸引起的冲击波传播的可视化

摘要 研究人员对确定水下爆炸冲击波的传播特性有着浓厚的兴趣。但它涉及水下爆炸过程中边界附近的复杂物理过程。主要问题是爆炸、流体相互作用、流固耦合和冲击波传播。一般来说，水下爆炸会导致冲击波传播，并且会向两种边界移动。第一个是水的自由表面，第二个是流固耦合。水下爆炸还涉及冲击波背后的大量空化。本文讨论了由于自由表面附近的水下爆炸引起的激波传播和体空化。对水下爆炸的计算和分析结果进行了讨论和比较。还，实施多项式和水的 Mie-Gruneisen（冲击）状态方程 (EOS) 以确定水的不可压缩性质并获得实际结果。将水的两种 EOS 的结果相互比较，并根据分析结果进行验证。这些结果表明，水和水-空气界面的状态方程对自由表面附近激波传播和非定常空化的特性有显着影响。图形摘要 这些结果表明，水和水-空气界面的状态方程对自由表面附近激波传播和非定常空化的特性有显着影响。图形摘要 这些结果表明，水和水-空气界面的状态方程对自由表面附近激波传播和非定常空化的特性有显着影响。图形摘要