The New World Tropics has experienced a dynamic landscape across evolutionary history and harbors a high diversity of flora and fauna. While there are some studies addressing diversification in Neotropical vertebrates and plants, there is still a lack of knowledge in arthropods. Here we examine temporal and spatial diversification patterns in the damselfly family Polythoridae, which comprises seven genera with a total of 58 species distributed across much of Central and South America. Our time-calibrated phylogeny for 48 species suggests that this family radiated during the late Eocene (~ 33 Ma), diversifying during the Miocene. As with other neotropical groups, the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) of most of the Polythoridae genera has a primary origin in the Northern Andes though the MRCA of at least one genus may have appeared in the Amazon Basin. Our molecular clock suggests correlations with some major geographical events, and our biogeographical modeling (with BioGeoBEARS and RASP) found a significant influence of the formation of the Pebas and Acre systems on the early diversification of these damselflies, though evidence for the influence of the rise of the different Andean ranges was mixed. Diversification rates have been uniform in all genera except one—Polythore—where a significant increase in the late Pliocene (~ 3 mya) may have been influenced by recent Andean uplift. The biogeographical models implemented here suggest that the Pebas and Acre Systems were significant geological events associated with the diversification of this damselfly family; while diversification in the tree shows some correlation with mountain building events, it is possible that other abiotic and biotic changes during our study period have influenced diversification as well. The high diversification rate observed in Polythore could be explained by the late uplift of the Northern Andes. However, it is possible that other intrinsic factors like sexual and natural selection acting on color patterns could be involved in the diversification of this genus.

中文翻译：

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探索新热带旗翼豆娘的复杂生物地理历史（Odonata：Polythoridae）。

新世界热带地区经历了整个进化史上的动态景观，拥有丰富的动植物种类。尽管有一些研究涉及新热带脊椎动物和植物的多样化，但节肢动物的知识仍然匮乏。在这里，我们研究了豆娘科Polythoridae的时空多样性模式，该科由七个属组成，共有58种，分布在中美洲和南美洲的大部分地区。我们对48个物种进行了时间校准的系统发育研究，表明该科在始新世晚期（〜33 Ma）期间辐射，在中新世期间呈多样化趋势。与其他新热带群体一样，尽管至少一个属的MRCA可能已出现在亚马逊河流域，但大多数多胸科的最新共同祖先（MRCA）的主要起源是安第斯山脉北部。我们的分子钟显示出与一些主要地理事件的相关性，我们的生物地理学模型（使用BioGeoBEARS和RASP）发现了Pebas和Acre系统的形成对这些豆娘的早期多样性产生了重大影响，尽管有证据表明上升的影响不同的安第斯山脉范围混合。除Polythore以外，所有属的多样化率一直是一致的，后者的上新世晚期（〜3 mya）的显着增加可能受最近安第斯山脉隆升的影响。这里采用的生物地理模型表明，Pebas和Acre系统是与该豆娘家庭多样化相关的重大地质事件。虽然树上的多样化与山地建筑事件之间存在一定的相关性，但在我们的研究期间，其他非生物和生物变化也可能也影响了多样化。在波利托尔观察到的高多样化率可以用安第斯山脉北部晚期隆升来解释。但是，可能有其他内在因素，例如对颜色模式起作用的性和自然选择，也可能参与该属的多样化。我们研究期间的其他非生物和生物变化也可能也影响了多元化。在波利托尔观察到的高多样化率可以用安第斯山脉北部晚期隆升来解释。但是，可能有其他内在因素，例如对颜色模式起作用的性和自然选择，也可能参与该属的多样化。我们研究期间的其他非生物和生物变化也可能也影响了多元化。在波利托尔观察到的高多样化率可以用安第斯山脉北部晚期隆升来解释。但是，可能有其他内在因素，例如对颜色模式起作用的性和自然选择，也可能参与该属的多样化。