Despite the good biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS NPs), whether they possess antiviral activity is still unclear. Here, GSH-modified ZnS NPs (GSH-ZnS NPs) were synthesized and their significant antiviral activity was demonstrated using the Arteriviridae family RNA virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), as a model. Mechanistically, GSH-ZnS NPs were shown to reduce PRRSV-induced ROS production to prevent PRRSV multiplication, with no activating effect on the interferon (IFN) signal pathway, the first defense line against virus infection. Furthermore, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic analysis of GSH-ZnS NP-treated cells revealed the involvement of numerous crucial proteins in virus proliferation, with vitronectin (VTN) being confirmed as an efficient PRRSV antagonist here. Furthermore, GSH-ZnS NPs were found to have potent antiviral effects on the Herpesviridae family DNA virus, pseudorabies virus (PRV), the Coronaviridae family positive-sense RNA virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and the Rhabdoviridae family negative-stranded RNA virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), indicating their broad-spectrum antiviral activity against viruses from different families with various genome types. Overall, GSH-ZnS NP is a prospective candidate for the development of antiviral nanomaterials and may serve as a model for investigation of potential host restriction factors in combination with proteomics.

中文翻译：

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GSH-ZnS 纳米粒子通过多步抑制机制表现出高效和广谱的抗病毒活性

尽管硫化锌纳米粒子（ZnS NPs）具有良好的生物相容性和抗菌活性，但它们是否具有抗病毒活性仍不清楚。在这里，合成了 GSH 修饰的 ZnS NPs (GSH-ZnS NPs)，并使用动脉病毒科证明了它们的显着抗病毒活性家族 RNA 病毒，猪繁殖和呼吸综合征病毒 (PRRSV)，作为模型。从机制上讲，GSH-ZnS NPs 被证明可以减少 PRRSV 诱导的 ROS 产生以防止 PRRSV 增殖，对干扰素 (IFN) 信号通路没有激活作用，干扰素 (IFN) 信号通路是抵御病毒感染的第一道防线。此外，基于等压标签的相对和绝对定量 (iTRAQ) 对 GSH-ZnS NP 处理的细胞的定量蛋白质组学分析揭示了许多关键蛋白质参与病毒增殖，其中玻连蛋白 (VTN) 被证实是一种有效的 PRRSV 拮抗剂。此外，发现 GSH-ZnS NPs 对疱疹病毒科 DNA 病毒、伪狂犬病病毒 (PRV)、冠状病毒科家族正链 RNA 病毒、猪流行性腹泻病毒 (PEDV) 和弹状病毒科负链 RNA 病毒、水泡性口炎病毒 (VSV)，表明它们对来自不同家族、不同基因组类型的病毒具有广谱抗病毒活性。总体而言，GSH-ZnS NP 是开发抗病毒纳米材料的潜在候选者，可作为结合蛋白质组学研究潜在宿主限制因素的模型。