Context As agricultural demands for land continues to expand, strategies are urgently needed to balance agricultural production with biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision in agricultural landscapes. Objectives We used a factorial landscape design to assess the relative contributions of forest proximity and local forest cover to bee diversity and the provision of coffee pollination services. Methods We quantified bee diversity and fruit set in 24 sun-grown coffee fields in Southeast Region of Brazil that were selected following a factorial sampling design to test the independent effects of local forest cover (in a radius of 400 m) and proximity to forest fragments. To assess the impact of landscape simplification, we also evaluated local coffee cover. Results Bee richness and abundance were higher in the proximity of forest fragments, but only bee abundance decreased when the coffee cover dominated the surrounding landscapes. Coffee fruit set was 16% higher overall with bee visitations compared with bee exclusion and increased to 20% when coffee bushes were near forest fragments, and the coffee cover was low. Surprisingly, local forest cover did not affect the bee community or coffee fruit set. Conclusion Our results provide clear evidence that the proximity of coffee crops to forest fragments can affect the abundance and richness of bees visiting the coffee flowers and thereby facilitate the provision of pollination services. The positive association between forest proximity and fruit set reinforces the importance of natural vegetation in enhancing bee diversity and, therefore, in the provision of pollination services. The negative effect of coffee cover on fruit set at the local scale suggests that the service demand can surpass the capacity of pollinators to provide it. These effects were independent of the local forest cover, although all studied landscapes had more than 20% remaining forest cover (within a 2 km radius), which is considered the extinction threshold for Atlantic Forest species. Interspersion of forest fragments and coffee plantations in regions with more than 20% of forest cover left could thus be a useful landscape management target for facilitating pollinator flows to coffee crops and thus for increasing coffee yields.

中文翻译：

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靠近森林而不是当地森林覆盖影响蜜蜂多样性和咖啡授粉服务

背景 随着农业对土地的需求不断扩大，迫切需要战略来平衡农业生产与农业景观中的生物多样性保护和生态系统服务提供。目标我们使用因子景观设计来评估森林邻近度和当地森林覆盖对蜜蜂多样性和咖啡授粉服务提供的相对贡献。方法 我们量化了巴西东南地区 24 个阳光种植咖啡田的蜜蜂多样性和坐果情况，这些咖啡田是按照因子抽样设计选择的，以测试当地森林覆盖率（半径 400 m）和与森林碎片的接近度的独立影响. 为了评估景观简化的影响，我们还评估了当地的咖啡覆盖。结果森林碎片附近的蜜蜂丰富度和丰度较高，但当咖啡覆盖主导周围景观时，只有蜜蜂丰度下降。与排除蜜蜂相比，蜜蜂造访的咖啡果集总体上高 16%，当咖啡树丛靠近森林碎片时，咖啡果集增加到 20%，咖啡覆盖率低。令人惊讶的是，当地的森林覆盖并没有影响蜜蜂群落或咖啡果树。结论我们的结果提供了明确的证据，表明咖啡作物与森林碎片的接近程度会影响访问咖啡花的蜜蜂的数量和丰富度，从而促进授粉服务的提供。森林接近度和坐果之间的正相关强化了自然植被在增强蜜蜂多样性方面的重要性，因此，在提供授粉服务方面。咖啡覆盖对当地范围内坐果的负面影响表明，服务需求可能超过传粉者提供它的能力。这些影响与当地森林覆盖率无关，尽管所有研究的景观都有超过 20% 的剩余森林覆盖率（半径 2 公里内），这被认为是大西洋森林物种的灭绝阈值。因此，在森林覆盖率超过 20% 的地区散布森林碎片和咖啡种植园可能是一个有用的景观管理目标，以促进传粉媒介流向咖啡作物，从而提高咖啡产量。这些影响与当地森林覆盖率无关，尽管所有研究的景观都有超过 20% 的剩余森林覆盖率（半径 2 公里内），这被认为是大西洋森林物种的灭绝阈值。因此，在森林覆盖率超过 20% 的地区散布森林碎片和咖啡种植园可能是一个有用的景观管理目标，以促进传粉媒介流向咖啡作物，从而提高咖啡产量。这些影响与当地森林覆盖率无关，尽管所有研究的景观都有超过 20% 的剩余森林覆盖率（半径 2 公里内），这被认为是大西洋森林物种的灭绝阈值。因此，在森林覆盖率超过 20% 的地区散布森林碎片和咖啡种植园可能是一个有用的景观管理目标，以促进传粉媒介流向咖啡作物，从而提高咖啡产量。