This study provides a seasonal elemental characterisation of native lichens collected in rural areas of Portugal affected by charcoal kilns, using nuclear analytical techniques and electric conductivity. In autumn, it was possible to identify high levels of electric conductivity near the site with charcoal kilns due to higher oxidative stress of the lichens’ membrane. Typical chemical elements associated with emissions of wood burning, such as S and P, also presented the highest contents near the charcoal kilns. However, the same phenomenon was not found in spring. Residential areas presented the highest levels of S and P probably due to the impact of biomass burning from home heating that occurred during the winter period. Overall, lichens were found to be enriched with elements that can be attributable to non-crustal sources, namely, sea salt spray (Cl and Na), fertilisers used in agriculture (P and Ca) and wood burning (P and S).

中文翻译：

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在受传统木炭生产影响的地区收集的本地地衣的元素特征

本研究使用核分析技术和电导率，对在葡萄牙农村地区收集的受木炭窑影响的本地地衣进行季节性元素表征。在秋季，由于地衣膜的氧化应激较高，可以在有木炭窑的地点附近确定高水平的电导率。与木材燃烧排放相关的典型化学元素，如 S 和 P，在木炭窑附近的含量也最高。然而，在春季没有发现同样的现象。住宅区的 S 和 P 含量最高，这可能是由于冬季发生的家庭取暖生物质燃烧的影响。总的来说，发现地衣富含可归因于非地壳来源的元素，即，