Particle-based electrocatalysts need to be glued on an electrode, where fast and slow steps of the reaction are spatially and temporally convoluted near the particles. Since the particles are under continuous electrochemical stress, decay in their catalytic performance (a.k.a., fatigue) often occurs due to degradation of the active materials, detachment of particles and deteriorating kinetics. Here we report that these problems are well addressed by fluidizing the particles. The catalysts, instead of being fixed on an electrode, are now fluidized in the electrolyte. Reaction occurs when individual particles collide with the electrode, which collectively delivers a continuous, scalable and stable electrochemical current. Since the catalysts now work in rotation, they experience much faster kinetics and avoid the buildup of excessive electrochemical stress, leading to orders of magnitude higher particle-average efficiency and greatly enhanced fatigue resistance. Proof-ofconcepts are demonstrated using Pt/C catalysts for three well-known reactions, including oxygen evolution, hydrogen evolution and methanol oxidation reactions, all of which suffer severe performance decay using Pt/C under different mechanisms. Fluidized electrocatalysis breaks the spatial and temporal continuum of electrocatalytic reactions, and makes them drastically more fatigue resistant. It is material- and reaction-agnostic, and should be a general approach to enhance electrocatalytic reactions.

中文翻译：

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流化电催化

需要将基于颗粒的电催化剂粘在电极上，在该电极上，反应的快速和缓慢步骤在空间和时间上在颗粒附近回旋。由于颗粒处于连续的电化学应力下，由于活性物质的降解，颗粒的分离和动力学的下降，常常会导致其催化性能的下降（又称疲劳）。在这里我们报告说，通过流化颗粒可以很好地解决这些问题。现在，催化剂不再固定在电极上，而是在电解液中流化。当单个粒子与电极碰撞时会发生反应，从而共同传递连续，可缩放和稳定的电化学电流。由于催化剂现在可以旋转工作，它们具有更快的动力学并避免了过度的电化学应力的积累，从而导致更高的颗粒平均效率和大大提高的抗疲劳性。使用Pt / C催化剂对三个众所周知的反应进行了概念验证，其中包括氧气蒸发，氢气逸出和甲醇氧化反应，使用Pt / C在不同的机理下，所有这些反应都会严重降低性能。流化电催化破坏了电催化反应的空间和时间连续性，并使它们大大提高了抗疲劳性。它与材料和反应无关，应该是增强电催化反应的通用方法。使用Pt / C催化剂对三个众所周知的反应进行了概念验证，其中包括氧气蒸发，氢气逸出和甲醇氧化反应，使用Pt / C在不同的机理下，所有这些反应都会严重降低性能。流化电催化破坏了电催化反应的空间和时间连续性，并使它们大大提高了抗疲劳性。它与材料和反应无关，应该是增强电催化反应的通用方法。使用Pt / C催化剂对三个众所周知的反应进行了概念验证，其中包括氧气蒸发，氢气逸出和甲醇氧化反应，使用Pt / C在不同的机理下，所有这些反应都会严重降低性能。流化电催化破坏了电催化反应的空间和时间连续性，并使它们大大提高了抗疲劳性。它与材料和反应无关，应该是增强电催化反应的通用方法。并使其更加耐疲劳。它与材料和反应无关，应该是增强电催化反应的通用方法。并使其更加耐疲劳。它与材料和反应无关，应该是增强电催化反应的通用方法。