The development of advanced electrode materials for next-generation rechargeable lithium batteries with high specific capacity and energy density and long life is promising to meet the demand for electric vehicles and portable devices. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent progress on foam-like carbon composite materials as high-performance electrode materials, covering the methodology of synthesizing carbon foams (CFs) and graphene foams (GFs), the applications of CF- and GF-based composite materials, and their electrochemical performance for the next-generation Li batteries. The CFs from different precursors (coals, polymers, and biomass) and proper preparations are compared in terms of their synthesis methods, properties, structural characteristics, and performance. Recently, the research of CF-based composite materials are mainly focused on Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and Li–S batteries (LSBs). The synergetic effects between carbon frameworks and the active materials are overviewed to illustrate the merits that CFs provide to the integrated electrode materials. In the CF- and GF-based composite materials as the anode materials for LIBs, the carbon matrix with high electrical conductivity can provide the hierarchical pore structures, which allow for better transport of Li ions and storage of electrons and accommodate the expansion of the active components, while the composite materials allow for the facilitation of the high theoretical capacity of the active materials that are supported on the three-dimensional interconnected carbon matrix. The CF- and GF-based composite materials can also be applied as cathode materials for LSBs to address the limitations of isolated sulfur nature and “shuttle effect”. The mesoporous foam structure could increase the amount of sulfur loading and absorb water-soluble polysulfide during charging and discharging processes. In the meantime, the three-dimensional CFs and GFs could promise the possibility of self-supporting electrode materials without adding binders. Through the extensive literature review, some technical challenges of CF and GF composite materials for lithium-based batteries are identified and future research needs are addressed. In particular, CF/GF composite materials from coal, coal-based precursors, and biomass and their applications in high-performance batteries are worthy of extensive future research. The significant progress has been achieved on the development of CF- and GF-based composites for lithium battery applications, including the synthesis techniques, the structure control of the composite materials, and their electrochemical performance as electrodes for different types of Li batteries, i.e., LIBs, LSBs, Li–air, and Li metal batteries. The design for hierarchical architectures of these foam-based composites might be the critical factor to preserve the high structural stability of the integrated electrode composites and their stable cycling capability and excellent rate performance.

中文翻译：

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碳泡沫复合材料作为大容量锂电池电极的最新研究与应用

具有高比容量，高能量密度和长寿命的用于下一代可再充电锂电池的先进电极材料的开发有望满足电动汽车和便携式设备的需求。本文全面综述了泡沫状碳复合材料作为高性能电极材料的最新进展，涵盖了合成碳泡沫（CFs）和石墨烯泡沫（GFs）的方法，基于CF和GF的应用复合材料及其对下一代锂电池的电化学性能。比较了来自不同前体（煤，聚合物和生物质）和适当制剂的CFs的合成方法，性质，结构特征和性能。最近，CF基复合材料的研究主要集中在锂离子电池（LIBs）和Li–S电池（LSBs）上。概述了碳骨架和活性材料之间的协同作用，以说明CFs为集成电极材料提供的优点。在基于CF和GF的复合材料作为LIB的阳极材料时，具有高电导率的碳基体可以提供分层的孔结构，从而可以更好地传输锂离子和存储电子，并适应活性物质的膨胀组件，而复合材料则有助于在三维互连碳基体上支撑的活性材料的高理论容量。基于CF和GF的复合材料也可以用作LSB的阴极材料，以解决孤立硫性质和“穿梭效应”的局限性。在充放电过程中，介孔泡沫结构可以增加硫的负载量并吸收水溶性多硫化物。同时，三维CFs和GFs有望在不添加粘合剂的情况下自支撑电极材料。通过广泛的文献综述，发现了锂基电池CF和GF复合材料的一些技术挑战，并满足了未来的研究需求。尤其值得一提的是，由煤，煤基前驱物和生物质制成的CF / GF复合材料及其在高性能电池中的应用值得今后进行广泛的研究。在用于锂电池的CF基和GF基复合材料的开发方面已经取得了重大进展，包括合成技术，复合材料的结构控制以及它们作为不同类型Li电池（即， LIB，LSB，Li-air和Li金属电池。这些基于泡沫的复合材料的分层体系结构设计可能是保持集成电极复合材料的高结构稳定性及其稳定的循环能力和出色的倍率性能的关键因素。以及它们作为不同类型的Li电池（即LIB，LSB，Li-air和Li金属电池）的电极的电化学性能。这些基于泡沫的复合材料的分层体系结构设计可能是保持集成电极复合材料的高结构稳定性及其稳定的循环能力和出色的倍率性能的关键因素。以及它们作为不同类型的锂电池（即锂电池，LSB，锂空气电池和锂金属电池）的电极的电化学性能。这些基于泡沫的复合材料的分层体系结构设计可能是保持集成电极复合材料的高结构稳定性及其稳定的循环能力和出色的倍率性能的关键因素。