Governing risks is not only a technical matter, but also a matter of ethical and societal considerations. In this article, we argue that in addition to scientific and technical uncertainties, we need to also address normative uncertainties of risk decisions. We define normative uncertainties as situations where there are different partially morally defensible ‐‐ but incompatible ‐‐ options or courses of action, or ones in which there is no fully morally defensible option. We conceptualize normative uncertainties, distinguishing between the four categories of evolutionary, theoretical, conceptual, and epistemic normative uncertainties. We will show different instances of normative uncertainties in climate adaptation strategies. We finally present two methods for identifying and dealing with normative uncertainties, namely, the Wide Reflective Equilibrium and adaptive planning. Situations of normative uncertainties have always been and will continue to be present in risk decisions and they have often been dealt with in an implicit manner. In this article, we make them explicit, which could lead to better morally informed and justified decisions about climate risks.

中文翻译：

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面对规范不确定性时应对气候风险

治理风险不仅是技术问题，而且还是道德和社会考虑的问题。在本文中，我们认为，除了科学和技术上的不确定性之外，我们还需要解决风险决策的规范性不确定性。我们将规范性不确定性定义为存在部分在道德上可辩护但不相容的选择或行动方案，或在其中没有完全在道德上可辩护的选择的情况。我们将规范不确定性概念化，将进化，理论，概念和认知规范不确定性分为四类。我们将展示气候适应策略中标准不确定性的不同实例。最后，我们提出两种识别和处理规范不确定性的方法，即 广泛的反射均衡和自适应计划。规范不确定性的情况一直存在并将继续存在于风险决策中，并且常常以隐性方式加以处理。在本文中，我们将其明确表述，这可能导致就气候风险做出更明智的道义和合理决定。