Bioleaching microorganisms inhabit extremely acidic environments (pH < 3.0) and can be used in the biohydrometallurgical industry. They employ several strategies, such as biofilms formation, mechanical defense, membrane reversal potential, proton efflux, intracellular buffering, and protection, or repair mechanism of biomacromolecules, to maintain their intracellular pH within a narrow range, which is close to neutral, for conducting normal physiological activity. In this review, we describe the effects of these strategies on the homeostasis of intracellular pH of bioleaching microorganisms and the relevant energy metabolism. The potential significance of horizontal gene transfer and gene loss in their adaptation to the environment, and the prospect of new technologies, such as cryo EM technology, in revealing the potential acid-resistant components have also been discussed.

生物浸出微生物居住在极端酸性的环境中（pH <3.0），可用于生物湿法冶金工业。他们采用生物膜形成，机械防御，膜逆转潜力，质子外流，细胞内缓冲和生物大分子的保护或修复机制等多种策略来将其细胞内pH维持在接近中性的狭窄范围内，以进行传导正常的生理活动。在这篇综述中，我们描述了这些策略对生物浸出微生物的细胞内pH稳态和相关能量代谢的影响。水平基因转移和基因丢失在适应环境方面的潜在意义以及诸如冷冻EM技术等新技术的前景，