Abstract Olive trees are iconic to the Mediterranean landscape and in recent times, have expanded to other regions across the globe that share similar climatic conditions. Olive oil production benefits from irrigation, but with a changing climate and uncertainty in precipitation patterns, wastewaters will likely play a larger role supplementing irrigation water requirements. However, due to their relatively poor quality, wastewaters present challenges for sustained long-term use in olive production. Wastewaters include all effluents from municipalities, agricultural drainage, animal production facilities, agricultural processing and industrial processes. This review focuses on potential opportunities and limitations of sustaining olive oil production in the Mediterranean region using wastewater of various sources. The primary challenges for using such wastewaters include concerns related to salinity, sodicity, metals and trace elements, nutrients, organics, and pathogens. Organics and plant nutrients in the effluents are typically beneficial but depend on dosages. Many studies have shown that saline wastewaters have been successfully used to irrigate olives in Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan and Tunisia. Still, olive varieties and rootstocks have different tolerances to salinity and could respond differently and oil quality may improve or be compromised. Salts and trace elements need to be monitored in plants and soil to make sure accumulation does not continue from year to year and that soil physical conditions are not affected. Some food industries generate effluents with suitable characteristics for irrigation but one must balance the benefits (e.g. addition of nutrients), detriments (e.g. addition of salts or other limiting chemicals) and costs when determining the feasibility and practicality of reuse. Long-term accumulation of trace elements and metals will likely limit the feasibility of using industrial-originating effluents without treatment processes that would remove the toxic constituents prior to reuse. Therefore, untreated wastewaters from the many industries have limited long-term potential for reuse at this time. Application of olive mill wastewater may be agronomically and economically beneficial, particularly as a local disposal solution, but there are concerns associated with high-concentrations of polyphenols that may be phytotoxic and toxic to soil microbial populations. With regards to human safety, risk of contamination of table olives and olive oil is very low because irrigation methods deliver water below the canopy, fruits are not picked from the ground, processing itself eliminates pathogens and the irrigation season typically ends days or weeks before the harvest (depending on the climate condition). Finally, considering physiological, nutritional and intrinsic characteristics of this species, it is clear that olive trees are appropriate candidates for the reuse of recycled water as an irrigation source.

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扩大使用废水灌溉橄榄的机会

摘要 橄榄树是地中海景观的标志性建筑，近年来，橄榄树已扩展到全球其他气候条件相似的地区。橄榄油生产受益于灌溉，但随着气候变化和降水模式的不确定性，废水可能会在补充灌溉用水需求方面发挥更大的作用。然而，由于废水质量相对较差，因此在橄榄生产中长期持续使用废水是一个挑战。废水包括来自市政、农业排水、动物生产设施、农业加工和工业过程的所有废水。本综述重点关注使用各种来源的废水在地中海地区维持橄榄油生产的潜在机会和局限性。使用此类废水的主要挑战包括与盐度、碱度、金属和微量元素、营养素、有机物和病原体相关的问题。流出物中的有机物和植物营养素通常是有益的，但取决于剂量。许多研究表明，在希腊、以色列、意大利、约旦和突尼斯，含盐废水已成功用于灌溉橄榄。尽管如此，橄榄品种和砧木对盐分的耐受性不同，可能会有不同的反应，油质量可能会提高或受到影响。需要监测植物和土壤中的盐分和微量元素，以确保不会年复一年地积累，并且土壤物理条件不受影响。一些食品工业产生的污水具有适合灌溉的特性，但必须平衡收益（例如 在确定再利用的可行性和实用性时，包括添加营养物）、损害（例如添加盐类或其他限制性化学品）和成本。微量元素和金属的长期积累可能会限制使用工业废水的可行性，而无需在重新使用之前去除有毒成分的处理过程。因此，来自许多行业的未经处理的废水此时的长期再利用潜力有限。橄榄厂废水的应用可能在农艺和经济上都有利，特别是作为本地处理解​​决方案，但存在与高浓度多酚相关的担忧，这些多酚可能对土壤微生物种群具有植物毒性和毒性。在人身安全方面，食用橄榄和橄榄油被污染的风险非常低，因为灌溉方法将水输送到树冠以下，水果不是从地里采摘的，加工本身消除了病原体，而且灌溉季节通常在收获前几天或几周结束（取决于气候）状况）。最后，考虑到该物种的生理、营养和内在特征，很明显橄榄树是再利用循环水作为灌溉源的合适候选者。