Hormones are chemical communication signaling molecules released into the body fluids to stimulate target cells of multicellular organisms. We recently showed that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) plays an important role in juvenile hormone (JH) suppression of metamorphosis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Here, we investigated the function of another class I HDAC member, HDAC3, and show that it is required for the normal development of T. castaneum. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the HDAC3 gene affected development resulting in abnormally folded wings in pupae and adults. JH analog, hydroprene, suppressed the expression of HDAC3 in T. castaneum larvae. The knockdown of HDAC3 during the final instar larval stage resulted in an increase in the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in JH action. Sequencing of RNA isolated from larvae injected with dsRNA targeting malE (E. coli gene, control) or HDAC3 followed by differential gene expression analysis identified 148 and 741 differentially expressed genes based on the P-value < 0.01 and four-fold difference, and the P-value < 0.05 and two-fold difference, respectively. Several genes, including those coding for myosin-I heavy chain (Myosin 22), Shaven, and nuclear receptor corepressor 1 were identified as differentially expressed genes in HDAC3 knockdown larvae. An increase in histone H3 acetylation, specifically H3K9, H3K18, and H3K27, was detected in HDAC3 knockdown insects. Overall, these data suggest that HDAC3 affects the acetylation levels of histones and influences the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in the regulation of growth, development, and metamorphosis.

中文翻译：

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红粉甲虫 Tribolium castaneum 的发育和变态需要组蛋白去乙酰化酶 3。

激素是释放到体液中以刺激多细胞生物的靶细胞的化学通讯信号分子。我们最近发现组蛋白去乙酰化酶 1 (HDAC1) 在保幼激素 (JH) 抑制红粉甲虫 Tribolium castaneum 变态中起重要作用。在这里，我们研究了另一个 I 类 HDAC 成员 HDAC3 的功能，并表明它是 T. castaneum 正常发育所必需的。RNA 干扰介导的 HDAC3 基因敲低影响发育，导致蛹和成虫的翅膀异常折叠。JH 类似物氢丁二烯抑制 T. castaneum 幼虫中 HDAC3 的表达。HDAC3 在幼虫最后阶段的敲低导致编码参与 JH 作用的蛋白质的基因表达增加。对从注射了靶向 malE（大肠杆菌基因，对照）或 HDAC3 的 dsRNA 的幼虫分离的 RNA 进行测序，然后进行差异基因表达分析，基于 P 值 < 0.01 和四倍差异，鉴定了 148 和 741 个差异表达基因，并且P 值分别 < 0.05 和两倍差异。几种基因，包括编码肌球蛋白-I 重链（肌球蛋白 22）、Shaven 和核受体辅抑制因子 1 的基因，被鉴定为 HDAC3 敲低幼虫中的差异表达基因。在 HDAC3 敲低昆虫中检测到组蛋白 H3 乙酰化增加，特别是 H3K9、H3K18 和 H3K27。总的来说，这些数据表明 HDAC3 影响组蛋白的乙酰化水平，并影响编码参与生长、发育和变态调节的蛋白质的基因的表达。