Digital ceramic printing on glass is explored as a solution to “camouflage” crystalline silicon-based solar cells in order to improve the visual appearance of c-Si PV modules for building-integrated photovoltaics; however, printing on the front glass reduces the light transmittance and, thus, affects the module performance. By combining experiments and regression modeling, we quantify the effect of six different colors with varying print opacities on module electrical parameters under standard test conditions. Our experimental results reveal that print opacity and color have a significant detrimental impact on the module short-circuit current (I_sc) and maximum module power (P_mpp), but minimally affects the module open-circuit voltage (V_oc) and fill factor (FF). Taking black print with 100% opacity as an example, the monochromatic module shows 75% I_sc-loss, 74% P_mpp-loss, 6% V_oc-loss, and 5% FF-gain compared to a nonprinted glass. Furthermore, it is observed that at any given print opacity, black print results in the highest performance loss, whereas blue print shows the lowest loss. Our regression analysis shows that the effect of print opacity on module-I_sc is color dependent. The fitted regression models for the six colors under study are able to predict the I_sc-loss for any given opacity level with a root mean square error of less than 1%.

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彩色 c-Si 建筑一体化光伏组件的电气性能研究

玻璃上的数字陶瓷印刷被探索作为“伪装”晶体硅基太阳能电池的解决方案，以改善用于建筑集成光伏的 c-Si 光伏组件的视觉外观；然而，在前玻璃上印刷会降低透光率，从而影响模块性能。通过结合实验和回归建模，我们量化了在标准测试条件下具有不同印刷不透明度的六种不同颜色对模块电气参数的影响。我们的实验结果表明，印刷不透明度和颜色对模块短路电流有显着的不利影响（一世_sc ) 和最大模块功率 (磷_mpp），但对模块开路电压的影响最小（伏_oc ) 和填充因子 (FF)。以100%不透明度的黑色打印为例，单色模块显示75%一世_{sc -}损失，74%磷_{mpp -}损失，6%伏与非印刷玻璃相比，_oc损失和 5% FF 增益。此外，据观察，在任何给定的印刷不透明度下，黑色印刷的性能损失最高，而蓝色印刷的损失最低。我们的回归分析表明，印刷不透明度对模块的影响-一世_sc取决于颜色。所研究的六种颜色的拟合回归模型能够预测一世_sc - 任何给定不透明度级别的损失，均方根误差小于 1%。