Although the fates of microplastics (0.1–5 mm in size) and nanoplastics (<100 nm) in marine environments are being increasingly well studied^1,2, little is known about the behaviour of nanoplastics in terrestrial environments^3,4,5,6, especially agricultural soils⁷. Previous studies have evaluated the consequences of nanoplastic accumulation in aquatic plants, but there is no direct evidence for the internalization of nanoplastics in terrestrial plants. Here, we show that both positively and negatively charged nanoplastics can accumulate in Arabidopsis thaliana. The aggregation promoted by the growth medium and root exudates limited the uptake of amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics with positive surface charges. Thus, positively charged nanoplastics accumulated at relatively low levels in the root tips, but these nanoplastics induced a higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species and inhibited plant growth and seedling development more strongly than negatively charged sulfonic-acid-modified nanoplastics. By contrast, the negatively charged nanoplastics were observed frequently in the apoplast and xylem. Our findings provide direct evidence that nanoplastics can accumulate in plants, depending on their surface charge. Plant accumulation of nanoplastics can have both direct ecological effects and implications for agricultural sustainability and food safety.

尽管对海洋环境中的微塑料（尺寸为0.1–5 mm）和纳米塑料（<100 nm）的命运进行了越来越深入的研究^1,2，但人们对纳米塑料在陆地环境中的行为知之甚少^3,4,5,6尤其是农业土壤⁷。先前的研究已经评估了纳米塑料在水生植物中积累的后果，但没有直接证据表明纳米塑料在陆生植物中的内在化。在这里，我们表明带正电和带负电的纳米塑料都可以在拟南芥中积累。生长介质和根系分泌物促进的聚集限制了具有正表面电荷的氨基改性聚苯乙烯纳米塑料的吸收。因此，带正电荷的纳米塑料在根尖中的积累水平相对较低，但是与带负电荷的磺酸改性的纳米塑料相比，这些纳米塑料诱导活性氧种类的积累更高，并且更强烈地抑制了植物的生长和幼苗发育。相反，在质外体和木质部中经常观察到带负电的纳米塑料。我们的发现提供了直接的证据，表明纳米塑料可以在植物中积累，这取决于它们的表面电荷。植物中纳米塑料的积累既可以直接对生态产生影响，也可以影响农业的可持续发展和食品安全。