Parasitoid wasps represent a large proportion of hymenopteran species. They have complex evolutionary histories and are important biocontrol agents. To advance parasitoid research, a combination of Illumina short‐read, PacBio long‐read and Hi‐C scaffolding technologies was used to develop a high‐quality chromosome‐level genome assembly for Pteromalus puparum, which is an important pupal endoparasitoid of caterpillar pests. The chromosome‐level assembly has aided in studies of venom and detoxification genes. The assembled genome size is 338 Mb with a contig N50 of 38.7 kb and a scaffold N50 of 1.16 Mb. Hi‐C analysis assembled scaffolds onto five chromosomes and raised the scaffold N50 to 65.8 Mb, with more than 96% of assembled bases located on chromosomes. Gene annotation was assisted by RNA sequencing for the two sexes and four different life stages. Analysis detected 98% of the BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single‐Copy Orthologs) gene set, supporting a high‐quality assembly and annotation. In total, 40.1% (135.6 Mb) of the assembly is composed of repetitive sequences, and 14,946 protein‐coding genes were identified. Although venom genes play important roles in parasitoid biology, their spatial distribution on chromosomes was poorly understood. Mapping has revealed venom gene tandem arrays for serine proteases, pancreatic lipase‐related proteins and kynurenine–oxoglutarate transaminases, which have amplified in the P. puparum lineage after divergence from its common ancestor with Nasonia vitripennis. In addition, there is a large expansion of P450 genes in P. puparum. These examples illustrate how chromosome‐level genome assembly can provide a valuable resource for molecular, evolutionary and biocontrol studies of parasitoid wasps.

中文翻译：

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寄生蜂 Pteromalus puparum 的染色体水平基因组组装。

寄生蜂代表了很大比例的膜翅目物种。它们具有复杂的进化历史，是重要的生物防治剂。为了推进寄生虫研究，结合 Illumina 短读长、PacBio 长读长和 Hi-C 支架技术，为Pteromalus puparum开发了高质量的染色体水平基因组组装，它是毛虫害虫的重要蛹内寄生物。染色体水平的组装有助于毒液和解毒基因的研究。组装的基因组大小为 338 Mb，具有 38.7 kb 的重叠群 N50 和 1.16 Mb 的支架 N50。Hi-C 分析将支架组装到 5 条染色体上，并将支架 N50 提高到 65.8 Mb，超过 96% 的组装碱基位于染色体上。基因注释由两种性别和四个不同生命阶段的 RNA 测序辅助。分析检测到 98% 的 BUSCO（基准通用单拷贝直向同源物）基因集，支持高质量的组装和注释。总共有 40.1% (135.6 Mb) 的组装由重复序列组成，并鉴定了 14,946 个蛋白质编码基因。尽管毒液基因在寄生虫生物学中起着重要作用，它们在染色体上的空间分布知之甚少。绘图揭示了丝氨酸蛋白酶、胰脂肪酶相关蛋白和犬尿氨酸-酮戊二酸转氨酶的毒液基因串联阵列，它们在与Nasonia vitripennis 的共同祖先分化后的P. puparum谱系。此外，P. puparum中 P450 基因的大量扩增。这些例子说明了染色体水平的基因组组装如何为寄生蜂的分子、进化和生物控制研究提供宝贵的资源。