Abstract Combining hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) and photovoltaic/phase change material (PV/PCM) systems in a so called hybrid PV/T/PCM system is a potential solution for the high temperature gradients and unsatisfactory thermal regulation in conventional PV/T systems. Several combinations of different PCMs and different types of nanomaterials at different loadings are employed in this study to overcome the increased PV-temperature levels in the presence of a PCM and improve both the cooling and the thermal regulation of hybrid systems. A finite difference numerical model was developed and validated to evaluate the average PV panel temperature, the temperature gain across the cooling fluid, the thermal and electrical efficiencies, and the temperature distribution along the PV panel for the hybrid PV/T/nano-enhanced PCM system. The effects of the solar concentration and the operation season (summer or winter) were also assessed. Four types of PCMs and four nanoparticle materials were used at high loadings of 10 wt %, 20 wt %, and 30 wt %. When paraffin wax RT35 is used as the PCM, although the temperature increasing magnitude along the panel decreases from 41% to 12%, PV-temperature levels increase compared to the conventional PV/T system (65 °C with RT35 compared to 47.5 °C without a PCM). Increasing the loading of nanoparticles in a PCM provides better cooling and improved overall performance. Among the nanomaterials, Multi-walled carbon nanotube is the best to obtain better cooling (52 °C for RT35/MWCNT at a loading of nanoparticles of 10 wt %) and higher overall performance. Also, the addition of nanoparticles is more effective at higher solar concentrations. The CaCl2.6H2O PCM provides better performance and relatively lower temperature levels, while the RT35 provides better thermal regulation of the PV panel, but at relatively higher temperature levels. No previous work has been conducted to study the effect of different combinations from the nano-enhanced PCMs on the performance and thermal regulation of the new hybrid PV/T/nanoPCM systems. In addition, the study is the first to assess their effect at high loadings of the nanomaterials and under different solar concentrations in summer and winter.

中文翻译：

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使用不同纳米增强相变材料组合的混合光伏/热系统的热调节和性能评估

摘要 在所谓的混合 PV/T/PCM 系统中结合混合光伏/热 (PV/T) 和光伏/相变材料 (PV/PCM) 系统是解决传统 PV 中高温梯度和不令人满意的热调节的潜在解决方案。 /T 系统。本研究采用了不同负载的不同 PCM 和不同类型纳米材料的几种组合，以克服在 PCM 存在下增加的 PV 温度水平，并改善混合系统的冷却和热调节。开发并验证了一个有限差分数值模型，以评估混合 PV/T/纳米增强 PCM 的平均 PV 电池板温度、冷却流体的温度增益、热效率和电效率以及沿 PV 电池板的温度分布系统。还评估了太阳能集中度和运行季节（夏季或冬季）的影响。四种类型的 PCM 和四种纳米颗粒材料以 10 重量％、20 重量％和 30 重量％的高负载量使用。当石蜡 RT35 用作 PCM 时，虽然沿面板的温度升高幅度从 41% 降低到 12%，但与传统 PV/T 系统相比，PV 温度水平增加（RT35 为 65°C，而 RT35 为 47.5°C没有 PCM）。增加 PCM 中纳米粒子的负载可提供更好的冷却和改进的整体性能。在纳米材料中，多壁碳纳米管最能获得更好的冷却（RT35/MWCNT 为 52 °C，纳米颗粒负载量为 10 wt%）和更高的整体性能。此外，添加纳米粒子在较高的太阳能浓度下更有效。CaCl2.6H2O PCM 提供更好的性能和相对较低的温度水平，而 RT35 提供更好的 PV 面板热调节，但在相对较高的温度水平。之前没有研究过纳米增强型 PCM 的不同组合对新型混合 PV/T/纳米 PCM 系统的性能和热调节的影响。此外，该研究首次评估了它们在高负载纳米材料和夏季和冬季不同太阳能浓度下的影响。之前没有研究过纳米增强型 PCM 的不同组合对新型混合 PV/T/纳米 PCM 系统的性能和热调节的影响。此外，该研究首次评估了它们在高负载纳米材料和夏季和冬季不同太阳能浓度下的影响。之前没有研究过纳米增强型 PCM 的不同组合对新型混合 PV/T/纳米 PCM 系统的性能和热调节的影响。此外，该研究首次评估了它们在高负载纳米材料和夏季和冬季不同太阳能浓度下的影响。