Building energy prediction techniques are the primary tool for moving towards sustainable built environments. Energy prediction models play irreplaceable roles in making energy policy and the development of the building sector. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the prevailing prediction techniques used in large-scale building energy applications under different scopes and different archetypes, including black-box, white-box, and grey-box based methods. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of the applications of those approaches are compared and discussed in the context of large-scale buildings. The review results show that prediction techniques have addressed a variety of large-scale building energy related-applications, such as energy consumption forecasting and prediction, energy consumption profiling, energy mapping and benchmarking of buildings. However, there are still some research gaps that require more attention such as the inclusion of occupant behavior in white-box based models and the explicit representation of end-uses in black-box based models. Significantly, this review concludes with a few key tasks for modification of the current prediction approach framework, which can help with forecasting future energy use changes of specific buildings during the retrofit process or inclusion of renewable energy technology. This would assist in developing an appropriate strategy for the sustainability of the built environment.

建筑能耗预测技术是迈向可持续建筑环境的主要工具。能源预测模型在制定能源政策和发展建筑行业方面具有不可替代的作用。本文对在不同范围和不同原型下用于大型建筑能源应用的流行预测技术进行了全面综述，包括基于黑盒，白盒和灰盒的方法。另外，在大型建筑物的背景下比较并讨论了这些方法的应用的优缺点。审查结果表明，预测技术已经解决了各种大型建筑能耗相关应用，例如能耗预测和预测，能耗剖析，能源图和建筑物基准测试。但是，仍有一些研究空白需要更多关注，例如在基于白盒的模型中包含乘员行为，以及在基于黑盒的模型中明确表示最终用途。重要的是，本次审查以修改当前预测方法框架的一些关键任务作为结束，这些任务可以帮助预测改造过程或包含可再生能源技术期间特定建筑物的未来能源使用变化。这将有助于为建筑环境的可持续性制定适当的策略。还有一些研究空白需要更多的关注，例如在基于白盒的模型中包含乘员行为，以及在基于黑盒的模型中明确显示最终用途。重要的是，本次审查以修改当前预测方法框架的一些关键任务作为结束，这些任务可以帮助预测改造过程或包含可再生能源技术期间特定建筑物的未来能源使用变化。这将有助于为建筑环境的可持续性制定适当的策略。还有一些研究空白需要更多的关注，例如在基于白盒的模型中包含乘员行为，以及在基于黑盒的模型中明确显示最终用途。重要的是，本次审查以修改当前预测方法框架的一些关键任务作为结束，这些任务可以帮助预测改造过程或包含可再生能源技术期间特定建筑物的未来能源使用变化。这将有助于为建筑环境的可持续性制定适当的策略。它可以帮助预测改造过程或纳入可再生能源技术期间特定建筑物的未来能源使用变化。这将有助于为建筑环境的可持续性制定适当的策略。它可以帮助预测改造过程或纳入可再生能源技术期间特定建筑物的未来能源使用变化。这将有助于为建筑环境的可持续性制定适当的策略。