Abstract Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) is a membrane-based process that has been used historically to harness the osmotic energy of saline feed solutions. While conventional PRO applications target seawater (SW) /freshwater solution pairings, this paper focuses on an innovative high salinity gradient PRO application for waterflooding (WF) in the petroleum industry. WF is an industry-wide practice wherein produced water (PW) or SW is injected into the geological formation to displace hydrocarbons and increase oil production at the wellhead. PW represents the largest volume waste stream in oil production and harnessing its osmotic energy in a PRO application converts that waste stream into an asset leading to higher oil production while simultaneously reducing pumping energy requirements and enhancing injectivity. In this application, hypersaline PW at 28% total dissolved solids (TDS) is the draw solution and SW at 3.5% TDS is the feed. In contrast with hydroturbine (HT) & reverse osmosis (RO) applications where the economic benefit is energy, in WF, the primary benefit is additional oil production and a secondary benefit is energy savings. With the PW/SW solution pairing, PRO economics were compared for the WF, HT, and RO applications. The key economic metric is the “dollars of economic benefit derived per module per year” and for WF, that benefit is estimated at $71,700/module-year while the HT and RO configurations were found to return

中文翻译：

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用于提高石油采收率的压力延迟渗透

摘要 压力延迟渗透 (PRO) 是一种基于膜的工艺，历史上一直用于利用盐水进料溶液的渗透能。虽然传统的 PRO 应用针对海水 (SW)/淡水溶液配对，但本文重点介绍了石油工业中用于注水 (WF) 的创新型高盐度梯度 PRO 应用。WF 是一种全行业实践，其中将采出水 (PW) 或 SW 注入地质地层以置换碳氢化合物并增加井口的石油产量。PW 代表石油生产中最大量的废物流，并在 PRO 应用中利用其渗透能将该废物流转化为资产，从而提高石油产量，同时降低泵送能量需求并提高注入能力。在这个应用程序中，总溶解固体 (TDS) 为 28% 的超盐水 PW 是汲取溶液，而 TDS 为 3.5% 的 SW 是进料。与经济利益是能源的水轮机 (HT) 和反渗透 (RO) 应用相比，在 WF 中，主要好处是额外的石油产量，次要好处是节能。通过 PW/SW 解决方案配对，比较了 WF、HT 和 RO 应用的 PRO 经济性。关键的经济指标是“每年每个模块产生的经济收益”，对于 WF，该收益估计为 71,700 美元/模块年，而 HT 和 RO 配置则返回 主要好处是增加石油产量，次要好处是节能。通过 PW/SW 解决方案配对，比较了 WF、HT 和 RO 应用的 PRO 经济性。关键的经济指标是“每年每个模块产生的经济收益”，对于 WF，该收益估计为 71,700 美元/模块年，而 HT 和 RO 配置则返回 主要好处是增加石油产量，次要好处是节能。通过 PW/SW 解决方案配对，比较了 WF、HT 和 RO 应用的 PRO 经济性。关键的经济指标是“每年每个模块产生的经济收益”，对于 WF，该收益估计为 71,700 美元/模块年，而 HT 和 RO 配置则返回