Euglena is a new super health food resource that is rich in the natural polysaccharide paramylon, a linear β-1,3-glucan with various biological activities including activity on the immune system in different cell lines and animals. Despite these reports, the immune regulation mechanism of paramylon is still unclear. We investigate the signaling pathways paramylon impacts in immune macrophages. In RAW264.7 macrophages, sonicated and alkalized paramylon oligomers up-regulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increased secretion of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, paramylon activated the nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and inhibiting these pathways attenuated the paramylon-induced secretion of the above immune-mediators. These results demonstrate that Euglena gracilis paramylon modulates the immune system via activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and thus has potential therapeutic benefits.

中文翻译：

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超声处理和碱化对虾幼虫对鼠RAW264.7巨噬细胞的免疫激活。

Euglena是一种新型的超级健康食品，富含天然多糖副粘蛋白，一种线性的β-1,3-葡聚糖，具有多种生物学活性，包括对不同细胞系和动物免疫系统的活性。尽管有这些报道，但对副甲状腺的免疫调节机制仍不清楚。我们调查了信号通路对免疫巨噬细胞中的副粘膜的影响。在RAW264.7巨噬细胞中，超声处理和碱化的对mylon寡聚物会上调诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS），并增加一氧化氮（NO），白介素（IL）-6和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α的分泌。依赖的方式。此外，副粘蛋白激活了核因子-κB（NF-κB）和有丝分裂原激活的蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号通路，抑制这些通路减弱了副粘蛋白诱导的上述免疫介质的分泌。这些结果表明，细粒裸藻（Euglena gracilis paramylon）通过激活NF-κB和MAPK信号通路来调节免疫系统，因此具有潜在的治疗益处。