The proper monitoring and operation and maintenance (O&M) of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are an integral part of the service tasks required to ensure long-term reliability and prolonged lifetime of the installation. In the recent years, with the end of the feed-in-tariff legislation, the PV stakeholders and operators shifted their focus from the design and construction of utility-scale grid-connected PV plants to the development of monitoring and more efficient O&M practices. Service technical personnel have been asked to investigate and resolve unexpected failures of PV systems, whose repair may require specific strategies not initially planned during the design stage. Reliability and, consequently, availability of PV systems are dependent upon a full understanding of failure dynamics, which requires suitable practices to either mitigate or eliminate repeated components failures. Currently, guidelines or technical standards that include PV systems-specific data for reliability assessments are not available, which has caused nonstandardized fault analyses. These differences in practices have somehow compromised the understanding of PV systems reliability at industry level. Based on information gathered from more than 80 PV plants located in Italy, this article outlines remote monitoring techniques that may be used for a general standardization and as a common basis for reliability assessments and an effective O&M. By discussing the most widespread issues, major failures and unexpected events that can occur in PV systems, the authors identify novel remote monitoring techniques to improve both failure reporting and corrective action systems.

中文翻译：

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光伏电站运维实践回顾：故障、解决方案、远程控制和监控工具

太阳能光伏 (PV) 系统的正确监控和运行维护 (O&M) 是确保长期可靠性和延长安装寿命所需的服务任务的一个组成部分。近年来，随着上网电价立法的结束，光伏利益相关者和运营商将重点从公用事业规模并网光伏电站的设计和建设转移到监测和更有效的运维实践的发展。已要求服务技术人员调查和解决光伏系统的意外故障，其修复可能需要在设计阶段最初未计划的特定策略。光伏系统的可靠性和可用性取决于对故障动态的充分理解，这需要适当的实践来减轻或消除重复的组件故障。目前，还没有包含光伏系统特定数据用于可靠性评估的指南或技术标准，这导致了非标准化的故障分析。这些实践上的差异在某种程度上损害了对行业层面光伏系统可靠性的理解。根据从位于意大利的 80 多个光伏电站收集的信息，本文概述了远程监控技术，这些技术可用于通用标准化，并作为可靠性评估和有效 O&M 的通用基础。通过讨论光伏系统中可能发生的最普遍的问题、重大故障和意外事件，