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Spontaneous head movements characterize losing athletes during competition
International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ( IF 2.029 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-19 , DOI: 10.1177/1747954120934598
V Drewes 1, 2 , N Neumann 1, 2 , I Konstantinidis 1, 2 , I Helmich 1, 2
Affiliation  

Nonverbal movement behavior and emotions are closely linked processes; however, there is insufficient information about the spontaneous nonverbal expressions in response to experiencing positive and negative emotion, i.e., when winning or losing during sport competitions. Previous research showed that experienced tennis athletes detected losing behavior in athletes more accurately than winning behavior. However, it remained unclear what kind of nonverbal movements characterized losers because the actual movements have not been identified yet. Further research showed that head shaking occurred as an expression of doubt whereas head nodding appeared during successful actions. We therefore hypothesized that losing athletes nonverbally move more, and particularly execute more headshakes when compared to winners. The entire spontaneous nonverbal head movement behavior of professional tennis athletes was video-taped between points during competition and analyzed by two trained and certified raters using a standardized analysis system for nonverbal behavior in relation to won or lost points. The results showed that losers moved their head significantly more often, particularly executing more phasic upward, repetitive sideward (head shaking), and phasic sideward head movements when compared to winning athletes. The present results provide evidence that spontaneous nonverbal head movements differentiate winners from losers during competition. Losing a point in tennis is associated with to increased spontaneous head movement behavior, particularly in upward and sideward directions. Thus, we conclude that professional tennis athletes cannot inhibit their implicit nonverbal expressions that are related to negative emotions when losing.

中文翻译:

自发的头部运动是比赛中输球运动员的特征

非语言运动行为与情绪是紧密相连的过程;然而,关于在经历积极和消极情绪时,即在体育比赛中获胜或失败时,自发的非语言表达的信息不足。先前的研究表明,有经验的网球运动员比获胜行为更准确地发现运动员的失败行为。然而,目前尚不清楚什么样的非语言运动是失败者的特征,因为尚未确定实际的运动。进一步的研究表明,摇头是一种怀疑的表达,而点头则是在成功的行动中出现。因此,我们假设与获胜者相比,失败的运动员非语言动作更多,尤其是握手更多。职业网球运动员的整个自发的非语言头部运动行为在比赛期间的得分之间被录像,并由两名经过培训和认证的评估员使用标准化的非语言行为分析系统进行分析,以与赢得或失去的分数相关。结果表明,与获胜运动员相比,失败者明​​显更频繁地移动头部,尤其是执行更多的阶段性向上、重复性侧向(摇头)和阶段性侧向头部运动。目前的结果提供的证据表明,自发的非语言头部运动在比赛中区分了赢家和输家。在网球比赛中失去一分与增加自发的头部运动行为有关,特别是在向上和向侧面的方向上。因此,
更新日期:2020-06-19
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