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Pinniped Ontogeny as a Window into the Comparative Physiology and Genomics of Hypoxia Tolerance
Integrative and Comparative Biology ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-19 , DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa083
Emma L Weitzner 1 , Cornelia E Fanter 1 , Allyson G Hindle 1
Affiliation  

Diving physiology has received considerable scientific attention as it is a central element of the extreme phenotype of marine mammals. Many scientific discoveries have illuminated physiological mechanisms supporting diving, such as massive, internally bound oxygen stores and dramatic cardiovascular regulation. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that support the diving phenotype remain mostly unexplored, as logistic and legal restrictions limit the extent of scientific manipulation possible. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) tools becoming more widespread and cost-effective, there are new opportunities to explore the diving phenotype. Genomic investigations come with their own challenges, particularly those including cross-species comparisons. Studying the regulatory pathways that underlie diving mammal ontogeny could provide a window into the comparative physiology of hypoxia tolerance. Specifically, in pinnipeds, which shift from terrestrial pups to elite diving adults, there is potential to characterize the transcriptional, epigenetic and posttranslational differences between contrasting phenotypes while leveraging a common genome. Here we review the current literature detailing the maturation of the diving phenotype in pinnipeds, which has primarily been explored via biomarkers of metabolic capability including antioxidants, muscle fiber typing, and key aerobic and anaerobic metabolic enzymes. We also discuss how NGS tools have been leveraged to study phenotypic shifts within species through ontogeny, and how this approach may be applied to investigate the biochemical and physiological mechanisms that develop as pups become elite diving adults. We conclude with a specific example of the Antarctic Weddell seal, by overlapping protein biomarkers with gene regulatory microRNA datasets.

中文翻译:

Pinniped Ontogeny 作为了解缺氧耐受性比较生理学和基因组学的窗口

潜水生理学已受到科学界的广泛关注,因为它是海洋哺乳动物极端表型的核心要素。许多科学发现阐明了支持潜水的生理机制,例如大量的内部结合氧储存和显着的心血管调节。然而,支持潜水表型的细胞和分子机制仍然大部分未被探索,因为逻辑和法律限制限制了科学操纵的范围。新一代测序 (NGS) 工具变得越来越普遍且更具成本效益,为探索潜水表型提供了新的机会。基因组研究有其自身的挑战,尤其是包括跨物种比较在内的挑战。研究作为潜水哺乳动物个体发育基础的调节途径可以为了解缺氧耐受性的比较生理学提供一个窗口。具体而言,在从陆生幼崽转变为优秀潜水成年的鳍足类动物中,有可能在利用共同基因组的同时表征对比表型之间的转录、表观遗传和翻译后差异。在这里,我们回顾了当前详细介绍鳍足类潜水表型成熟度的文献,主要通过代谢能力的生物标志物进行了探索,包括抗氧化剂、肌肉纤维分型以及关键的有氧和无氧代谢酶。我们还讨论了如何利用 NGS 工具通过个体发育研究物种内的表型变化,以及如何应用这种方法来研究随着幼崽成为精英潜水成年人而发展的生化和生理机制。我们以南极威德尔海豹的一个具体例子作为结论,通过将蛋白质生物标志物与基因调控 microRNA 数据集重叠。
更新日期:2020-06-19
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