Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer membrane-enclosed structures containing RNAs, proteins, lipids, metabolites, and other molecules, secreted by various cells into physiological fluids. EV-mediated transfer of biomolecules is a critical component of a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Potential applications of EVs in novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have brought increasing attention. However, EV research remains highly challenging due to the inherently complex biogenesis of EVs and their vast heterogeneity in size, composition, and origin. There is a need for the establishment of standardized methods that address EV heterogeneity and sources of pre-analytical and analytical variability in EV studies. Here, we review technologies developed for EV isolation and characterization and discuss paths toward standardization in EV research.

细胞外囊泡（EVs）是磷脂双层膜包裹的结构，包含RNA，蛋白质，脂质，代谢物和其他分子，这些分子被各种细胞分泌到生理液中。EV介导的生物分子转移是各种生理和病理过程的关键组成部分。电动汽车在新型诊断和治疗策略中的潜在应用引起了越来越多的关注。然而，由于电动汽车固有的复杂生物发生及其在尺寸，成分和来源上的巨大异质性，电动汽车的研究仍然面临着巨大的挑战。需要建立解决电动汽车异质性以及电动汽车研究中分析前和分析变异性来源的标准化方法。这里，