Abstract In the U.S. and around the world, governmental and non-governmental actors are piloting network governance approaches to fill gaps in governance resources (management capacity, local legitimacy) that cannot be met by a single entity alone. Such resources are needed to respond adaptively to changing conditions, such as those posed by severe disturbance. The purpose of this study is to provide insight into the drivers, pathways, and outcomes of network governance emergence within a federal bureaucracy, that of the U.S. Forest Service. We aim to shed light on the local variability of emergent network types (partnerships, collaboratives, combination types). We conducted case study research on responses to a severe mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) infestation (~1996–2012) on the Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests in northern Colorado, USA. We applied a multi-level analysis, comprised of bottom-up, top-down, and “from around” (pre-existing network) factors, to three examples of MPB outbreak-driven network emergence. The examples vary in their combination of geographic location (Western Slope vs. Front Range) and scale (local vs. regional). Our analysis revealed: (1) network type and governance outcomes varied due to interlinked, multi-level factors (predominant gaps in governance resources, bottom-up factors, and pre-existing networks); (2) USFS managers and counterparts exercised agency in navigating top-down bureaucratic constraints on network governance emergence; (3) state, local, industry, and NGO entities, along with federal counterparts, co-initiated network governance of federal lands; (4) emergent networks generally did not persist in the large bureaucracy after the aftermath subsided. This study's findings are applicable to governance networks associated with land management bureaucracies in the U.S. and around the world.

中文翻译：

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美国林务局网络治理的地方层面出现：美国科罗拉多州山松甲虫爆发的案例研究

摘要 在美国和世界各地，政府和非政府行为体正在试点网络治理方法，以填补单一实体无法满足的治理资源（管理能力、地方合法性）缺口。需要此类资源以适应不断变化的条件，例如由严重干扰造成的条件。本研究的目的是深入了解联邦官僚机构（即美国林务局）内网络治理出现的驱动因素、途径和结果。我们的目标是阐明新兴网络类型（伙伴关系、协作、组合类型）的局部可变性。我们对严重山松甲虫 (MPB, Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins) 在美国科罗拉多州北部的阿拉帕霍和罗斯福国家森林中的侵染 (~1996-2012)。我们对 MPB 爆发驱动的网络出现的三个示例应用了多层次分析，包括自下而上、自上而下和“从周围”（预先存在的网络）因素。这些示例在地理位置（西坡与前沿范围）和规模（本地与区域）的组合方面有所不同。我们的分析表明：（1）网络类型和治理结果因相互关联的多层次因素（治理资源的主要差距、自下而上的因素和预先存在的网络）而异；(2) USFS 管理人员和同行在应对自上而下的官僚主义约束对网络治理的出现方面行使代理权；(3) 州、地方、行业和非政府组织实体，以及联邦对应机构，共同发起联邦土地的网络治理；(4)在余波平息后，大官僚机构中的新兴网络普遍不存在。本研究的结果适用于与美国和世界各地的土地管理官僚机构相关的治理网络。