Pinus nigraJ.F. Arnold has an ecological and economic interest in Europe, but many of the planted populations have an unknown origin and infraspecific taxonomy. Six PortugueseP. nigrapopulations characterised with microsatellites revealed high intra-population diversity structured into two clusters with low differentiation that might suggest two provenances or infraspecific taxa. Despite compared with foreign samples from different subspecies, we were not able to infer about the origin or infraspecific taxonomy of the Portuguese populations based on the pooled microsatellite data. Many of the European Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold forests were planted with the material of unknown origin. Efforts have been made to determine their provenances and infraspecific taxonomy regarding their relevance for defining strategies of genetic resources conservation, germplasm use, forest management and genetic improvement. The Portuguese P. nigra populations are allochthonous, and their provenance and infraspecific taxonomy are unknown. With this work, we intended to characterise the Portuguese P. nigra populations regarding its genetic diversity, structure and relationships using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and/or to infer about its origin and infraspecific taxonomy by comparing the SSR patterns of foreign P. nigra samples of known taxonomic classification. A total of 224 Portuguese P. nigra individuals from six populations were characterised using 14 SSR markers developed specifically to different Pinus sp., including P. nigra, by other authors. Thirteen SSR loci were selected and showed 100% of polymorphism among individuals. The genetic diversity was higher within (95%) rather than among (5%) populations. The Portuguese individuals were structured into two main clusters (K = 2) with low genetic differentiation (FST = 0.04), and the foreign samples were genetically distant from the Portuguese individuals. The six Portuguese P. nigra populations revealed high genetic diversity and seemed to be structured into two main clusters with low differentiation suggesting two provenances or infraspecific taxa. Nonetheless, the comparative analyses with foreign samples did not allow a clear inference about its origin and/or infraspecific taxonomy. Additional foreign samples and/or molecular markers will be tested to pursue these goals.

中文翻译：

---

葡萄牙黑松 JF 阿诺德种群：SSR 标记推断的遗传多样性、结构和关系

黑松 阿诺德在欧洲具有生态和经济利益，但许多种植种群的起源和种下分类法不明。六个葡萄牙语P. 以微卫星为特征的黑种群显示高种群内多样性，分为两个低分化簇，这可能表明存在两个来源或种下分类群。尽管与来自不同亚种的外国样本进行了比较，但我们无法根据汇总的微卫星数据推断葡萄牙种群的起源或种下分类。许多欧洲黑松 JF 阿诺德森林都种植了来历不明的材料。已努力确定它们的来源和种下分类学，以确定它们与确定遗传资源保护战略的相关性，种质利用、森林管理和遗传改良。葡萄牙 P. nigra 种群是异地的，它们的来源和种下分类学是未知的。通过这项工作，我们打算使用简单序列重复 (SSR) 标记来表征葡萄牙黑疟种群的遗传多样性、结构和关系，和/或通过比较外来 P. nigra 的 SSR 模式来推断其起源和种下分类。已知分类学分类的黑质样本。其他作者使用 14 个 SSR 标记对来自六个种群的总共 224 个葡萄牙黑松个体进行了表征，这些标记专门针对不同的松属物种，包括黑松。选择了 13 个 SSR 位点，并在个体之间显示 100% 的多态性。遗传多样性在种群内（95%）高于种群之间（5%）。葡萄牙个体被分为两个主要集群（K = 2），遗传分化低（FST = 0.04），外来样本与葡萄牙个体在遗传上相距甚远。六个葡萄牙 P. nigra 种群显示出高遗传多样性，似乎被构造成两个主要集群，低分化表明两个来源或种下分类群。尽管如此，与外国样本的比较分析并不能明确推断其起源和/或种下分类。将测试额外的外来样品和/或分子标记以实现这些目标。并且外国样本与葡萄牙人的基因相距甚远。六个葡萄牙 P. nigra 种群显示出高遗传多样性，似乎被构造成两个主要集群，低分化表明两个来源或种下分类群。尽管如此，与外国样本的比较分析并不能明确推断其起源和/或种下分类。将测试额外的外来样本和/或分子标记以实现这些目标。并且外国样本与葡萄牙人的基因相距甚远。六个葡萄牙 P. nigra 种群显示出高遗传多样性，似乎被构造成两个主要集群，低分化表明两个来源或种下分类群。尽管如此，与外国样本的比较分析并不能明确推断其起源和/或种下分类。将测试额外的外来样品和/或分子标记以实现这些目标。与外国样本的比较分析无法明确推断其起源和/或种下分类。将测试额外的外来样品和/或分子标记以实现这些目标。与外国样本的比较分析无法明确推断其起源和/或种下分类。将测试额外的外来样品和/或分子标记以实现这些目标。