The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a destructive pest affecting the tomato crop causing a loss of 60–100% of the tomato crop production. In the present study, the lethal and sub-lethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), spinosad, and emamectin benzoate as bio-insecticides comparing with 2 synthetic insecticides: chlorpyrifos and indoxacarb against T. absoluta under laboratory conditions were evaluated. Take in consideration, life tables and reproductive parameters of treated larvae with LC30 for each pesticide (bio- and chemical insecticides) by using leaf dipping technique were calculated. The results showed that Lepinox formulation of Bt was the most effective one against the early 2nd instar larvae with 0.01 × 10−2 mg/l (ppm), followed by spinosad with 0.07 × 10−2 ppm comparing to indoxacarb and chlorpyrifos (0.01 and 11.44 μg/ml, respectively). Sub-lethal effect of the Bt formulations significantly increased pupal mortality by 29.77, 33.30, and 26.94% for Lepinox, Dipel 2×, and Protecto, respectively. In addition to their efficiency, Bt formulations and emamectin benzoate increased larval developmental period and reduced adult emergency percentage to 70.28, 66.70, 73.06, and 75.55% for Lepinox, Dipel 2×, Protecto, and emamectin benzoate, respectively. All bio-insecticides including Bt, spinosad, and emamectin benzoate caused abnormalities in different life stages. The results suggest these bio-insecticides are promising alternatives to synthetic insecticides for T. absoluta management.

中文翻译：

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生物杀虫剂和化学杀虫剂对番茄采叶机Tuta absoluta（Meyrick）的致死和亚致死作用（鳞翅目：G科）

番茄采叶机Tuta absoluta（Meyrick）（鳞翅目：Gelechiidae）是一种破坏性害虫，影响番茄作物，导致番茄作物产量损失60-100％。在本研究中，评估了苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bt），多杀菌素和苯甲酰胺依玛菌素作为生物杀虫剂的致死作用和亚致死作用，并与2种合成杀虫剂：毒死rif和茚虫威在实验室条件下对绝对黑斑病进行了评估。考虑到这一点，使用浸叶技术计算了每种农药（生物和化学杀虫剂）经LC30处理的幼虫的寿命表和生殖参数。结果显示，Bet的Lepinox配方对第二龄幼虫的幼虫最有效，其浓度为0.01×10-2 mg / l（ppm），其次是多杀菌素（0）。与茚虫威和毒死rif相比分别为07×10−2 ppm（分别为0.01和11.44μg/ ml）。对于Lepinox，Dipel 2x和Protecto，Bt制剂的亚致死作用使p死亡率分别显着提高了29.77％，33.30和26.94％。除功效外，对于Lepinox，Dipel 2x，Protecto和Emamectin benzoate，Bt配方和Emamectin benzoate延长了幼虫的发育期，并将成年紧急百分率分别降低至70.28、66.70、73.06和75.55％。所有生物杀虫剂（包括Bt，多杀菌素和苯甲酸酯氨草素）在不同的生命阶段都会引起异常。结果表明，这些生物杀虫剂是用于绝对黑斑病防治的合成杀虫剂的有前途的替代品。对于Lepinox，Dipel 2x和Protecto，Bt制剂的亚致死作用使p死亡率分别显着提高了29.77％，33.30和26.94％。除了其功效外，对于Lepinox，Dipel 2x，Protecto和Emamectin benzoate，Bt配方和Emamectin benzoate延长了幼虫的发育期，并将成年紧急百分率分别降低至70.28、66.70、73.06和75.55％。所有生物杀虫剂（包括Bt，多杀菌素和苯甲酸酯氨草素）在不同的生命阶段都会引起异常。结果表明，这些生物杀虫剂是用于绝对黑斑病防治的合成杀虫剂的有前途的替代品。对于Lepinox，Dipel 2x和Protecto，Bt制剂的亚致死作用使p死亡率分别显着提高了29.77％，33.30和26.94％。除功效外，对于Lepinox，Dipel 2x，Protecto和Emamectin benzoate，Bt配方和Emamectin benzoate延长了幼虫的发育期，并将成年紧急百分率分别降低至70.28、66.70、73.06和75.55％。所有生物杀虫剂（包括Bt，多杀菌素和苯甲酸酯氨草素）在不同的生命阶段都会引起异常。结果表明，这些生物杀虫剂是用于绝对黑斑病菌防治的合成杀虫剂的有前途的替代品。Bt制剂和Emamectin苯甲酸酯可延长幼虫的发育期，并将Lepinox，Dipel 2x，Protecto和Emamectin苯甲酸酯的成年应急率分别降低至70.28、66.70、73.06和75.55％。所有生物杀虫剂（包括Bt，多杀菌素和苯甲酸酯氨草素）在不同的生命阶段都会引起异常。结果表明，这些生物杀虫剂是用于绝对黑斑病防治的合成杀虫剂的有前途的替代品。Bt制剂和Emamectin苯甲酸酯可延长幼虫的发育期，并将Lepinox，Dipel 2x，Protecto和Emamectin苯甲酸酯的成年应急率分别降低至70.28、66.70、73.06和75.55％。所有生物杀虫剂（包括Bt，多杀菌素和苯甲酸酯氨草素）在不同的生命阶段都会引起异常。结果表明，这些生物杀虫剂是用于绝对黑斑病防治的合成杀虫剂的有前途的替代品。