Only a small percent of human genomic DNA encodes for proteins. Additionally, protein isoforms variants and chemical modifications are not coded in the genome read by the cell machinery. The resulting protein diversity is deeply involved in regular and diseased cellular processes. One challenge for the field of biotechnology, after human genome sequencing, will be to decipher the proteome at a single molecule scale to analyze single‐cell protein variability. In fact, cellular proteic information, often used as a source of biomarkers, is of great importance for early disease detection. This review discusses the proteome's complexity from its genetic source to fully modified proteins. It focuses on the principle of nanopore data analysis and how to obtain information from an electrical current trace. Specifically, the most recent developments in detection, sequencing and post‐translational discrimination of amino acids, peptides and proteins, are described. The main results obtained in this field are discussed and the nanopore techniques to other classical or single‐molecule approaches are compared.

中文翻译：

---

纳米孔技术的承诺：区分蛋白质序列和化学修饰的进展

人类基因组DNA中只有一小部分编码蛋白质。此外，细胞机器读取的基因组中未编码蛋白质同工型变体和化学修饰。产生的蛋白质多样性与正常的和患病的细胞过程密切相关。在人类基因组测序之后，生物技术领域的挑战之一是在单分子规模上解密蛋白质组，以分析单细胞蛋白质的变异性。实际上，经常被用作生物标志物来源的细胞蛋白质信息对于早期疾病检测非常重要。这篇综述讨论了蛋白质组从其遗传来源到完全修饰的蛋白质的复杂性。它着重于纳米孔数据分析的原理以及如何从电流迹线中获取信息。特别，描述了氨基酸，肽和蛋白质的检测，测序和翻译后区分的最新进展。讨论了在该领域获得的主要结果，并比较了其他经典或单分子方法的纳米孔技术。