Abstract The NASA-funded Biologic Analog Science Associated with Lava Terrains (BASALT) program is investigating candidate Mars extravehicular activity (EVA) concepts of operations and capabilities through science-driven terrestrial fieldwork under Mars-mission operational constraints. The third BASALT field test consisted of ten simulated EVAs in the Kilauea Caldera and Kilauea Iki regions of Hawai’i in November 2017. Each EVA included two extravehicular (EV) crewmembers completing real (non-simulated) geobiochemical science objectives (e.g., collecting detailed imagery and scientific instrument data and extracting samples of basalt for further laboratory investigations), two intravehicular crewmembers who supported the EV crew in real-time, and a Mission Support Center comprised of remote scientists and operators who provided scientific expertise during the EVAs across Mars-relevant communication latencies. Throughout this field test, a series of new capabilities, including high-resolution panoramic imagery, mobile automated light detection and ranging data, immersive mixed-reality terrain models, and augmented-reality field systems for terrain navigation and annotation, were incorporated and evaluated during the mission simulation for their ability to enable and enhance science. The value provided by these capabilities was assessed using a variety of objective and subjective technology impact metrics, including detailed EVA task timing data, space-to-ground interaction data, and heritage subjective assessments of capability assessment (a measure of the potential for mission enhancement), simulation quality (a measure of simulation fidelity), and acceptability (including the specification of desired, warranted, and required improvements). In general, these capabilities were rated at least moderately enhancing for future planetary EVA, meaning that they are likely to moderately enhance one of more aspects of EVA or significantly enhance EVA on rare occasions. A number of specific improvements to these capabilities were identified, which warrant further development and testing, and several complementary future studies are proposed. Together, these data provide critical knowledge to help meet design challenges associated with future science-driven planetary EVA. While this paper specifically focuses on applications for future human spaceflight exploration, many of the results and lessons learned are also applicable to present-day terrestrial scientific fieldwork.

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源自 NASA BASALT 研究计划的科学驱动探索舱外活动的任务增强能力

摘要 NASA 资助的与熔岩地形相关的生物模拟科学 (BASALT) 计划正在研究候选火星舱外活动 (EVA) 的操作和能力概念，通过科学驱动的地面实地工作在火星任务操作限制下进行。第三次 BASALT 现场测试包括 2017 年 11 月在夏威夷基拉韦厄火山口和 Kilauea Iki 地区的 10 个模拟 EVA。每个 EVA 包括两名舱外 (EV) 机组人员，完成真实的（非模拟）地球生化科学目标（例如，收集详细的图像和科学仪器数据并提取玄武岩样本以供进一步实验室调查），两名实时支持 EV 乘员组的车内乘员组，以及一个由远程科学家和操作员组成的任务支持中心，他们在 EVA 期间提供科学专业知识，跨越与火星相关的通信延迟。在整个现场测试过程中，纳入并评估了一系列新功能，包括高分辨率全景图像、移动自动光检测和测距数据、沉浸式混合现实地形模型以及用于地形导航和注释的增强现实现场系统。任务模拟，以表彰他们促进和加强科学的能力。这些能力提供的价值是使用各种客观和主观的技术影响指标进行评估的，包括详细的 EVA 任务计时数据、空对地交互数据、能力评估（任务增强潜力的衡量标准）、模拟质量（模拟保真度的衡量标准）和可接受性（包括期望、保证和要求的改进的规范）的遗产主观评估。一般来说，这些能力在未来的行星 EVA 中被评为至少适度增强，这意味着它们可能适度增强 EVA 的更多方面之一或在极少数情况下显着增强 EVA。确定了对这些能力的许多具体改进，这保证了进一步的开发和测试，并提出了几项补充的未来研究。这些数据共同提供了关键知识，有助于应对与未来科学驱动的行星 EVA 相关的设计挑战。