Abstract Mayon Volcano on eastern Luzon Island is the most active volcano in the Philippines. The high level of vulnerability to volcanic hazards is apparent since Mayon is surrounded by eight cities and municipalities with a total population of approximately one million inhabitants. Thus there is an urgent need to develop and expand reliable and affordable long-term methods in volcano monitoring. Despite abundant open access satellite dataset archives, satellite remote sensing has been underutilized in Mayon's hazard mapping and monitoring system. Here, we perform monitoring analysis on a nineteen-year time series of Land Surface Temperature (LST) obtained from satellite thermal infrared images. Both ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) thermal imagery (with 90 m spatial resolution) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) LST products (1 km spatial resolution) are used for the analysis. The Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) is applied as the decomposition tool to extract components of different timescales from the LST time series. Physical interpretation of decomposed LST components at various periods are explored and compared with Mayon's eruption records. Specifically, the LST annual period component is compared to regular annual cycle air temperature. Results show that LST annual period component tends to lose its regularity following an eruption. The dissimilarity of the two time series has been taken as an indicator of volcanic restlessness. Trends of different timescales based on LST components have been constructed, which all indicate the rising trend. This means that Mayon volcano will remain restless in the future decades. This study presents the advantages and effectiveness of satellite remote sensing on volcanic monitoring.

中文翻译：

---

菲律宾马荣火山通过卫星热红外图像进行多尺度和多时相表面温度监测

摘要 位于吕宋岛东部的马荣火山是菲律宾最活跃的火山。由于马荣被八个城市和自治市包围，总人口约为 100 万，因此火山灾害的高度脆弱性是显而易见的。因此，迫切需要开发和扩展可靠且负担得起的长期火山监测方法。尽管有大量开放访问的卫星数据集档案，但卫星遥感在 Mayon 的灾害测绘和监测系统中并未得到充分利用。在这里，我们对从卫星热红外图像获得的地表温度 (LST) 的 19 年时间序列进行监测分析。ASTER（高级星载热发射和反射辐射计）热成像（空间分辨率为 90 m）和 MODIS（中分辨率成像光谱仪）LST 产品（空间分辨率为 1 km）都用于分析。Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) 作为分解工具从 LST 时间序列中提取不同时间尺度的分量。探索了不同时期分解的 LST 成分的物理解释，并与 Mayon 的喷发记录进行了比较。具体而言，将 LST 年周期分量与常规年循环气温进行比较。结果表明，LST 年周期分量在喷发后往往会失去规律性。两个时间序列的不同被视为火山躁动的指标。构建了基于 LST 分量的不同时间尺度的趋势，均表示上升趋势。这意味着马荣火山在未来的几十年里将保持躁动。本研究展示了卫星遥感在火山监测中的优势和有效性。