Abstract With increasingly complex safety-critical systems like healthcare being developed and managed, there is a need for a tool that permits decision-makers to better understand the complexity, test various strategies and guide effective changes. System Dynamics (SD) modelling is an effective approach that can aid strategic decision-making in healthcare systems but has been underutilised partly due to the challenge of engaging healthcare stakeholders in the modelling process. This paper, therefore, investigates the applicability of a participatory SD approach based on healthcare workers’ perspectives on ease of use (usability) and usefulness (utility). The study developed an interactive simulation dashboard platform which facilitated participatory simulation for exploring various hospital pharmacy staffing level arrangements and their impacts on interruptions, fatigue, workload, rework, productivity and safety. The findings reveal that participatory SD approach can enhance team learning by converging on a shared mental model, aid decision-making and identifying trade-offs. The implications of these findings are discussed as well as experience and lessons learned on modelling facilitation. Practitioner Summary: This paper reports the perspectives of healthcare workers, who were engaged with a participatory system dynamics modelling and simulation process for hospital pharmacy staffing level management. Evaluative feedback revealed that the participatory SD approach can be a valuable tool for participatory ergonomics by helping the participants gain a deeper understanding of the complex dynamic interactions between workload, rework, safety and efficiency. Abbreviations: SD: system dynamics; ETTO: efficiency-thoroughness trade-off

中文翻译：

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医护人员对参与式系统动力学建模和仿真的看法：共同设计安全高效的医院药房配药系统

摘要 随着医疗保健等安全关键系统的开发和管理越来越复杂，需要一种工具，使决策者能够更好地了解复杂性，测试各种策略并指导有效的变革。系统动力学 (SD) 建模是一种有效的方法，可以帮助医疗保健系统中的战略决策制定，但由于在建模过程中让医疗保健利益相关者参与的挑战而未得到充分利用。因此，本文根据医护人员对易用性（usability）和有用性（utility）的观点，研究了参与式 SD 方法的适用性。该研究开发了一个交互式模拟仪表板平台，该平台促进了参与式模拟，以探索各种医院药房人员配备水平的安排及其对中断、疲劳、工作量、返工、生产力和安全的影响。研究结果表明，参与式 SD 方法可以通过融合共享的心理模型、辅助决策和确定权衡来增强团队学习。讨论了这些发现的影响以及建模促进方面的经验和教训。从业者摘要：本文报告了医护人员的观点，他们参与了医院药房人员配备水平管理的参与式系统动力学建模和模拟过程。评估反馈表明，参与式 SD 方法可以帮助参与者更深入地了解工作量、返工、安全和效率之间复杂的动态相互作用，从而成为参与式人体工程学的宝贵工具。缩写： SD：系统动力学；ETTO：效率与彻底性的权衡