Globally the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is rising mainly due to the increase in maternal obesity. A number of different methods to screen for and diagnose GDM have been described although consensus on the preferred methods does not yet exist. GDM has significant short‐ and long‐term health risks for the mother, developing fetus and the children born to mothers with GDM. Short‐term risks for the fetus include macrosomia (excessive birthweight), shoulder dystocia, birth trauma, and hypoglycaemia in the immediate postpartum period. Long‐term risks for offspring born to mothers with GDM include increased rates of childhood and adulthood obesity and an increased cardiometabolic risk. A number of pharmacological treatments for GDM have been identified, these include insulin and oral glucose‐lowering drugs metformin and glibenclamide. Whilst these oral glucose‐lowering drugs show similar short‐term childhood outcomes to insulin there is increasing evidence that these drugs may have adverse long‐term outcomes on children and adults exposed to the drugs in utero. Future research on treatments for GDM should include long‐term follow‐ up of children exposed to glucose lowering medication in utero to determine the long‐term cardiometabolic risk in the offspring born to mothers with GDM.

中文翻译：

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妊娠糖尿病的短期和长期结果及其对胎儿发育的治疗。

在全球范围内，妊娠糖尿病 (GDM) 的患病率正在上升，这主要是由于母亲肥胖的增加。尽管尚未就首选方法达成共识，但已经描述了许多不同的筛查和诊断 GDM 的方法。GDM 对母亲、发育中的胎儿和患有 GDM 的母亲所生的孩子具有显着的短期和长期健康风险。胎儿的短期风险包括巨大儿（出生体重过重）、肩难产、产伤和产后立即发生的低血糖。GDM 母亲所生后代的长期风险包括儿童期和成年期肥胖率增加以及心脏代谢风险增加。已经确定了许多 GDM 的药物治疗方法，这些包括胰岛素和口服降糖药二甲双胍和格列本脲。虽然这些口服降糖药显示出与胰岛素相似的儿童短期结局，但越来越多的证据表明，这些药物可能对子宫内接触这些药物的儿童和成人产生不良的长期结局。GDM 治疗的未来研究应包括对在子宫内暴露于降糖药物的儿童进行长期随访，以确定患有 GDM 的母亲所生后代的长期心脏代谢风险。