Primate Research and Conservation in the Anthropocene. Behie, A.M., J.A. Teichroeb, and N. Malone, editors. 2019. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. xviii+293 pp. £34.99 (paperback). ISBN 978‐1‐316‐61021‐3 .

Primates in Flooded Habitats: Ecology and Conservation . Nowak, K., A. A. Barnett, and I. Matsuda, editors. 2019. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. xvii+446 pp. £110.00 (hardcover). ISBN 978‐1‐107‐13431‐7.

State of the Apes: Infrastructure Development and Ape Conservation . Rainer, H., A. White, and A. Lanjouw, editors. 2018. Arcus Foundation & Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. xxx+354 pp. £74.99 (paperback). ISBN 978‐1‐108‐43641‐0.

Jane Goodall famously left the Chimpanzee Symposium organized in Chicago in 1986 as an activist rather than as a scientist, convinced that she could not continue doing research with her beloved Gombe chimpanzees without protecting them. Nearly 35 years later, most field researchers are faced with the same dilemma, which they can avoid even less now as they are confronted with increasing anthropogenic activities at the hearts of their field sites and more generally with effects to their study‐species’ habitats. Consequently, over the last few years, there has been a surge in researchers from behavioral ecology and biological anthropology backgrounds producing wild animal conservation literature from editing guidelines, to illustrating how they can engage in conservation, or more simply, to describing how they cannot avoid engaging in such activity. This has been particularly true for primate conservation, and this interest has been illustrated by a great variety of publications on conservation, whether through peer‐reviewed articles (e.g., Estrada et al. 2017), books (e.g., Wich & Marshall 2016) (previously reviewed in Conservation Biology [Gruber 2017]), or reports from international organizations. This increase in publications means new books on primate conservation have to compete with and will be compared with previous ones. Although it may be argued that there cannot be too many books on animal conservation, reading time is finite. Thus, it may be better to address some publications to particular audiences. Some books manage to meet the authors’ goals better than others, which will become apparent below. Primate Research and Conservation in the Anthropocene and Primates in Flooded Habitats: Ecology and Conservation appear to be directed at students and researchers, whereas State of the Apes: Infrastructure Development and Ape Conservation adopts a more technical approach and appears well suited for government officials and nongovernmental organizations, while also being of interest to academics.

Primate Research and Conservation in the Anthropocene has 3 parts, all aimed at particular kinds of threats faced by nonhuman primates (hereafter primates) and caused by humans. The first part is mostly concerned with the human–primate interface, the second with habitat alteration, and the last one with climate change. Each part offers a mixed bag of chapters. As mentioned by the editors, the first part evolved from being solely devoted to hunting to a general assessment of the complex interactions between humans and primates, which is very welcome. I particularly liked the chapters by Malone et al., Wade et al., and Shaffer et al.

Malone et al. discuss how cultural beliefs of humans and the accrued development of pilgrimages to a sacred forest threaten its gibbon population. Wade et al. collected ecological and ethnographic data that show the changing perceptions of local people in Cameroon toward chimpanzees and gorillas. For example, local people have come to recognize that it is illegal to hunt the latter, a success for great ape conservation in the area. Shaffer and colleagues offer a welcome counterpoint in their studies of hunting of the primate populations in Guyana. Local Waiwai hunt the species of interest (bearded sakis [Chiropotes sp.]) of the main author, providing a wake‐up call that all conservation policy makers will have to heed: deal with local cultural practices and acknowledge local populations rather than alienate them. This may come at the cost of witnessing one's favorite subjects of study being hunted. In this respect, I liked reading Shaffer's author contribution (a request from the editors that all main authors explain how their initial interest in primatology led to conservation work) on the reality of field work, in which he explains that he had to put aside his sadness at seeing the monkeys being killed to focus on how to best describe the complex interactions between monkeys and local humans. Although Shaffer's contribution may perhaps help correct idealizations of forests as pristine and local people as Rousseauian noble savages, I, in general, do not see the pertinence of having the author contribution section in each chapter. It may have sounded like a good idea at a postsymposium dinner, where everyone is likely to explain how they ended up doing what they are doing, but it is not particularly useful for external readers, even for students, who seem the primary target for these sections.

The second and third parts of the books are also of mixed quality. Once again, the general themes are not completely in line with their contents, although there are interesting chapters in both. In part 2, Teichroeb et al. show how a single episode of logging limited both in time and scope in Uganda nevertheless noticeably affected the diet and activity of one resident monkey species, the Rwenzori Angolan colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii ). I also liked the contribution by Liesbeth Frias and Andrew MacIntosh on the connections between parasites and hosts in relation to their International Union for Conservation of Nature conservation status. This chapter brings a different perspective, and although the data are not yet conclusive, the authors clearly show that primate conservation needs research from a range of other disciplines.

Perhaps part 3 is the most disappointing because it fails to deliver on the promise of its title. Out of 4 chapters (the fifth and last one being a summary), only one is really concerned with climate change. The chapter by Korstjens is interesting because, even though it is based on modeling and thus dependent on the author's hypotheses, one gets some impression of how 2 Old World monkey primate taxa would be affected by climate change (under the assumption that they cannot adapt, which remains untested). The other chapters, while interesting (one concerns the connection between diet and ecological changes under the influence of humans and the other 2 are on the reaction of primate populations to hurricanes), are only mildly connected to climate change due to a lack of conclusive evidence. One obviously can draw the connection between human‐induced climate change and the themes of these chapters (under the assumption that human‐induced climate change will over time cause increasingly dramatic climatic events), but major problems with tackling climate change are that predictions are themselves hard to make (Moser & Ekstrom 2010), and that inferring connections between climate change and current behavioral change in primates is even harder (Gruber et al. 2019). I am very sympathetic with the editors' stance that climate change has already affected primates and that this will likely only increase in the future, but maybe it would have been more accurate, though less ambitious, to present the studies as attempts to forecast what is likely to happen in the context of human‐induced climate change.

Out of the all 3 books, and against my initial expectations, I found most food for thought in Primates in Flooded Habitats: Ecology and Conservation . This is a very complete and extensive book of 45 chapters that aim to describe in detail how primates all around the world exploit and live in flooded habitats. The book is conveniently divided into parts that concern each type of flooded habitat (mangroves, beaches, swamps, and freshwater flooded forests). Its final 2 parts are on conservation.

The part on mangrove‐dwelling primates is the longest (11 chapters), which is fitting because there was (until this book) little on how primates all over the globe fare in this particular type of habitat. Mangroves are usually highly productive, yet limited in their diversity of plant species. Plant species diversity depends on geographic location: African and Asian mangroves are more diverse than American mangroves, which also affects on how many animal species it can accommodate. With a few exceptions, there are no primate species that can be characterized as mangrove specialists, despite many species making occasional use of these areas. Yet, mangroves are increasingly becoming refuge areas for species disturbed by human activities, which makes them of high interest for research and conservation. The parts on beach and swamp primates add more reasons to conserve primates, for example, as umbrella species for these habitats. However, the relevant chapters are mostly concerned with behavioral ecology rather than conservation. In sum, there are over 30 chapters that deal with various species and their adaptation to all types of flooded habitats. Although all are fairly short, they can be overwhelming to read, and readers, who I expect once again to be researchers and students are likely to focus either on their geographic area of interest or a particular type of flooded area.

The final 2 parts are both concerned with conservation and act as closing statements for the book, with the final 3 chapters offering an overview of the 3 major areas considered. I found the equal weight given to each area throughout the book a welcome plus. Out of all the chapters, the first chapter of part VI is particularly striking because it concerns primate reactions to areas flooded as a result of dam construction, and it offers a large counterpoint to all the other chapters. Here, one can see that although most primates can to some extent make use of flooded areas, they struggle to adapt to human‐made gigantic constructions that alter forever their natural environment (sometimes literally overnight). I found this a very clever addition to the book and a fitting illustration of how this volume complements very well State of the Apes: Infrastructure Development and Ape Conservation .

As opposed to the other 2 books, State of the Apes was commissioned (Arcus Foundation) and is more like a report than a traditional scientific book. Indeed, each chapter is authored or coauthored by a mix of international organization officers, scientists, and consultants. As a result, and in line with the series to which it belongs, State of the Apes appears targeted to a professional audience looking for precise information on the topic of ape conservation. This information here comes under the prism of infrastructures. Hence, the book is purposefully heavy on information and facts, but also acronyms, which sometimes tend to lose the reader. For example, and resonating with the last chapter discussed in Primates in Flooded Habitats , in the chapter on hydrodynamic infrastructures (mostly dams), there are more than a dozen acronyms, excluding those in the citations. Examples such as this one may discourage unversed readers from the entire book, which is nevertheless a very complete mine of data on road development in countries that host all species of apes. Indeed, the first section of the book is about roads, rather than about infrastructure, such as buildings. Even the lone chapter that concerns dams is very much concerned with roads that are built to accommodate the construction of these megaprojects. Nonetheless, this large focus on roads does not make the book uninteresting. Indeed, roads expose primates to every type of threat, from more deforestation to poaching, to encroachment. In this respect, this report provides vivid examples of the state of affairs around the world with respect to these often foreign‐backed programs (particularly Chinese). The balance between case studies in Africa and Asia, often skewed toward Africa in the great ape literature, is particularly laudable. It is important to stress that the authors attempted to make the book about all apes, including the great apes and all the other species, such as gibbons (Hylobatidae sp.), that people tend to forget when discussing apes.

The second part of the book stands alone as an up‐to‐date source of information on wild and captive apes and their habitats. One chapter updates data on habitat loss and predicts what will happen if nothing changes. It stresses that the species most threatened at the moment are many of the lesser known gibbons. Strikingly, if the situation does not change, 9 subspecies of gibbons will have lost all their habitat by 2050. The last chapter is concerned with the situation in sanctuaries and provides useful data on the current number of captive apes in both range and nonrange countries. Several appendices complete the wealth of information in this book, which is of much value for anyone in need of a precise estimation of the causes currently threatening ape populations worldwide.

If I had to choose among all these books, I would strongly advocate for Primates in Flooded Habitats because of its scope, novelty, and amount of knowledge presented. In addition, the idea that flooded areas, by their very nature of being hard to access and hard to exploit, will become refuges for an increasing number of species, primate or not, appears very realistic and shows that conservation policies may sometimes have to favor areas that are of little economic interest to forces antagonistic to conservation. Yet, the various chapters throughout the 3 books also underline the limited scope for adaptation to such refuge areas by most primate species, stressing that the fight cannot be conducted solely in these areas. A suitable take home message from these publications is that in the Anthropocene field and nonfield primatologists, along with other researchers, have no choice: they must enter and contribute to the fight to conserve the species they study and prepare and support the next generation to do likewise.

人类世间的灵长类动物研究和保护。Behie，AM，JA Teichroeb和N. Malone，编辑。2019.剑桥大学出版社，英国剑桥xviii + 293 pp.34.99英镑（平装）。ISBN 978-1-316-61021-3。

栖息地中的灵长类动物：生态与保护。诺瓦克（K. Nowak），AA巴尼特（AA Barnett）和松田一世（I. Matsuda），编辑。2019.剑桥大学出版社，英国剑桥xvii + 446 pp.110.00英镑（精装）。ISBN 978-1-107-13431-7。

猿猴状况：基础设施发展和猿猴保护。Rainer，H.，A。White和A. Lanjouw，编辑。2018.阿库斯基金会和剑桥大学出版社，英国剑桥xxx + 354页74.99英镑（平装）。ISBN 978-1-108-43641-0。

珍妮·古道尔（Jane Goodall）以活动家而非科学家的身份离开了1986年在芝加哥举行的黑猩猩专题讨论会，这是有名的。将近35年后，大多数野外研究人员都面临着同样的困境，因为他们在野外心脏地带面临着越来越多的人为活动，而且更普遍地对研究物种的栖息地产生了影响，现在他们可以避免的困境甚至更少。因此，在过去的几年中，来自行为生态学和生物学人类学背景的研究人员激增，从编辑指南，说明他们如何进行保护，或更简单地说，到描述如何避免的行为，产生了野生动物保护文献。从事这样的活动。2017年），书籍（例如Wich＆Marshall 2016年）（先前在保护生物学[Gruber 2017年]中进行了审查）或国际组织的报告。出版物的增加意味着有关灵长类动物保护的新书必须与之竞争，并将与以前的书进行比较。尽管可能会争辩说关于动物保护的书籍不能太多，但是阅读时间是有限的。因此，最好将某些出版物面向特定受众。有些书比其他书更好地满足了作者的目标，这在下面将变得显而易见。人类世的灵长类动物研究与保护和水生生物的灵长类动物：生态与保护似乎是针对学生和研究人员的，而《猿猴状况：基础设施发展和猿猴保护》则采用了更多的技术方法，似乎非常适合政府官员和非政府组织，同时也引起了学术界的兴趣。

人类世代中的灵长类研究和保护共分三个部分，它们均针对非人类灵长类（以下称灵长类）所面临并由人类造成的特定种类的威胁。第一部分主要涉及人与灵长类动物的相互作用，第二部分涉及栖息地的改变，最后一部分涉及气候变化。每个部分都有不同的章节。正如编辑所提到的那样，第一部分从仅专注于狩猎演变为对人与灵长类动物之间复杂相互作用的一般评估，这是非常受欢迎的。我特别喜欢Malone等人，Wade等人和Shaffer等人的文章。

Malone等。讨论人类的文化信仰和朝圣森林的自然发展如何威胁其长臂猿种群。韦德等。收集了生态和人种学数据，这些数据显示了喀麦隆当地人对黑猩猩和大猩猩的认知变化。例如，当地人开始认识到猎杀后者是非法的，这是该地区保护大猩猩的成功。Shaffer及其同事在对圭亚那的灵长类动物种群进行狩猎的研究中提供了令人欢迎的对策。当地的Waiwai狩猎感兴趣的物种（胡须[ Chiropotes主要作者），这引起了所有保护政策制定者都必须注意的警钟：处理当地的文化习俗并承认当地居民，而不是疏远他们。这可能是以目睹自己最喜欢的研究科目被捕为代价的。在这方面，我喜欢阅读谢弗（Shaffer）的作者贡献（编辑的要求，所有主要作者都解释了他们对灵长类动物的最初兴趣是如何导致保护工作的）关于实地调查的现实，他解释说，他不得不将自己的著作放在一边。看到猴子被杀死的悲伤，集中在如何最好地描述猴子与当地人类之间复杂的相互作用上。尽管沙弗的贡献也许可以帮助纠正原始森林和当地人民对理想化的理想化，而卢梭的贵族野蛮人则是当地人，但我，通常，在每章中都看不到作者贡献部分的相关性。在研讨会后的晚宴上，这听起来像是个好主意，每个人都可能会解释自己最终如何做自己的工作，但这对外部读者，甚至对于学生而言，并不是特别有用，他们似乎是这些读者的主要目标部分。

本书的第二部分和第三部分的质量也参差不齐。再次，一般主题与内容完全不符，尽管两者都有有趣的章节。在第2部分中，Teichroeb等人。表明乌干达的一次伐木活动在时间和范围上都受到限制，但是如何显着影响一种常驻猴子物种Rwenzori安哥拉疣猴（Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii）的饮食和活动）。我也喜欢Liesbeth Frias和Andrew MacIntosh关于寄生虫和寄主之间有关国际自然保护联盟的地位的贡献。本章提出了不同的观点，尽管数据尚无定论，但作者清楚地表明，灵长类动物保护需要其他学科的研究。

第三部分也许是最令人失望的，因为它未能兑现其头衔的承诺。在四章中（第五章和最后一章为摘要），只有一章真正与气候变化有关。Korstjens撰写的这一章很有趣，因为尽管它是基于建模并因此依赖于作者的假设，但人们还是对2个旧世界的猴子灵长类动物类群将如何受到气候变化的影响有一定的印象（假设它们无法适应，仍未经测试）。其他各章虽然有趣（其中一章涉及饮食和人类影响下的生态变化之间的联系，另两章则涉及灵长类种群对飓风的反应），但由于缺乏确凿的证据，这些章与气候变化仅存在轻微联系。 。2010），并且推断气候变化与灵长类动物当前行为变化之间的联系更加困难（Gruber et al.2019）。我很同情编辑们的观点，即气候变化已经影响了灵长类动物，而且这种情况将来只会增加，但我对此表示同情，但是将雄心勃勃的研究作为预测未来的尝试可能更为准确（尽管雄心勃勃）。可能在人为引起的气候变化的背景下发生。

在这三本书中，并没有我的最初期望，我在《洪水泛滥的人居环境：生态与保护》中的灵长类动物中发现了很多值得深思的地方。这是一本非常完整和广泛的书，共有45章，旨在详细描述世界各地的灵长类动物如何在洪水泛滥的栖息地中生活和生活。本书方便地分为各个部分，涉及每种类型的淹水栖息地（红树林，海滩，沼泽和淡水淹没的森林）。最后两部分是关于保护的。

在红树林中居住的灵长类动物的部分最长（11章），这很合适，因为（直到本书）关于这种特定类型的栖息地，全球范围内灵长类动物的票价很少。红树林通常是高产的，但植物种类的多样性有限。植物物种的多样性取决于地理位置：非洲和亚洲的红树林比美国的红树林更具多样性，这也影响了它可以容纳多少种动物。除少数例外，没有许多可被称为红树林专长的灵长类物种，尽管许多物种偶尔会利用这些地区。然而，红树林正日益成为人类活动干扰物种的避难所，这使其对研究和保护产生了浓厚的兴趣。海滩和沼泽灵长类动物的部位增加了更多保护灵长类动物的理由，例如，作为这些栖息地的伞形物种。但是，相关章节主要涉及行为生态学而非保护。总之，有30多个章节涉及各种物种及其对所有类型的淹水生境的适应性。尽管所有内容都很简短，但阅读起来可能不胜枚举，我希望再次成为研究人员和学生的读者可能会专注于他们感兴趣的地理区域或特定类型的洪水区域。有30多个章节涉及各种物种及其对所有类型的淹水生境的适应性。尽管所有内容都很简短，但阅读起来可能不胜枚举，我希望再次成为研究人员和学生的读者可能会专注于他们感兴趣的地理区域或特定类型的洪水区域。有30多个章节涉及各种物种及其对所有类型的淹水生境的适应性。尽管所有内容都很简短，但阅读起来可能不胜枚举，我希望再次成为研究人员和学生的读者可能会专注于他们感兴趣的地理区域或特定类型的洪水区域。

最后的两部分都涉及保护，并作为本书的结语。最后的三章概述了所考虑的三个主要领域。我发现整本书中每个区域的权重均相等，这是一个受欢迎的加分。在所有各章中，第六部分的第一章尤其引人注目，因为它涉及灵长类动物对由于修建大坝而遭受洪灾的地区的反应，并且它与所有其他各章都大相径庭。在这里，人们可以看到，尽管大多数灵长类动物可以在一定程度上利用洪水泛滥的地区，但它们仍在努力适应永久改变其自然环境的人造巨型建筑（有时甚至是一夜之间）。我发现这是本书的非常聪明的补充，并且很好地说明了此书卷如何很好地补充猿猴状况：基础设施发展和猿猴保护。

与其他两本书不同，《猿人国家》是受委托的（Arcus基金会），与传统的科学书籍相比，它更像是一份报告。实际上，每一章都是由国际组织官员，科学家和顾问共同撰写或合着的。结果，根据其所属的系列，《猿猴国》似乎针对专业观众，他们在寻找有关猿类保护主题的准确信息。这里的信息属于基础设施的棱镜。因此，这本书有意地集中在信息和事实上，但也有缩写词，有时这会使读者迷失方向。例如，与《淹没栖息地中的灵长类动物》中讨论的最后一章产生共鸣在有关水动力基础设施（主要是大坝）的章节中，有十多个首字母缩写词，但引用中的缩写词除外。诸如此类的例子可能会使整本书的初学者不满，尽管如此，它仍然是收容所有猿类国家的道路发展数据的非常完整的资料。实际上，这本书的第一部分是关于道路的，而不是关于诸如建筑物之类的基础设施的。甚至有关大坝的唯一章节也非常关注为容纳这些大型项目而建造的道路。尽管如此，对道路的高度关注并不会使这本书变得毫无趣味。确实，道路使灵长类动物面临各种威胁，从森林砍伐到偷猎，再到蚕食。在这方面，本报告提供了有关这些经常由外国支持的计划（尤其是中文）的全球事务状况的生动示例。在非洲和亚洲的个案研究之间的平衡，尤其是在大猿猴文学中经常偏向非洲的平衡，尤其值得称赞。需要强调的是，作者试图使这本书涵盖所有猿类，包括大猿类和其他所有物种，例如长臂猿（Hylobatidae sp。），人们在讨论猿时往往会忘记。

该书的第二部分是有关野生和圈养猿猴及其栖息地的最新信息来源。其中一章更新了栖息地丧失的数据，并预测了什么都不会改变的情况。它强调说，目前最受威胁的物种是许多鲜为人知的长臂猿。令人惊讶的是，如果情况没有改变，到2050年将有9个长臂猿亚种失去其所有栖息地。最后一章涉及庇护所的情况，并提供了有关范围内和范围外国家圈养猿猴数量的有用数据。本书中有几个附录可提供丰富的信息，对于需要准确估算当前威胁全球猿类种群的原因的人来说，这具有很大的价值。

如果我必须在所有这些书中进行选择，我会极力主张“生境中的灵长类动物”因为它的范围，新颖性和知识量。此外，洪水泛滥的地区由于其难以接近和难以利用的性质而成为越来越多的灵长类动物的避难所的想法似乎是很现实的，并且表明了保护政策有时可能需要对保护不利的力量对经济影响不大的地区。然而，这三本书中的各个章节也强调了大多数灵长类动物适应此类避难所的范围有限，并强调不能仅在这些地区进行战斗。从这些出版物中得出的一个适当的启示是，在人类世间，非野外灵长类动物学家以及其他研究者别无选择：