Pathways of transition differ across countries, industrial sectors, firms and technologies, but little is known about the reasons for these differences and macroeconomic consequences. I show theoretically how differences in transition patterns and macroeconomic side effects can be explained by the characteristics of competing technologies. Competing technologies are characterized by their relative superiority in an exogenous socio-technical landscape, their relative maturity and cross-technology interactions in the process of specialization. These characteristics are linked to the multi-layer perspective of transition theory and build the conceptual basis of technology in the macroeconomic agent-based model Eurace@unibi-eco. It is shown that the characteristics can be an explanation for heterogeneous transition pathways. Policy may alter the exogenous landscape conditions that surround technological competition. It is shown how different market-based instruments can be used to accelerate and stabilize a transition process. Taxes and subsidies perform differently conditional on the characteristics of competing technologies.

不同国家，工业部门，企业和技术的过渡途径不同，但人们对这些差异的原因和宏观经济后果知之甚少。我从理论上展示了如何通过竞争技术的特征来解释转型模式和宏观经济副作用的差异。竞争技术的特征在于它们在外源社会技术领域中的相对优势，它们的相对成熟度以及专业化过程中的跨技术交互作用。这些特征与过渡理论的多层视角相关，并在基于宏观经济主体的模型Eurace @ unibi-eco中建立了技术的概念基础。。结果表明，该特性可以解释异质过渡途径。政策可能会改变围绕技术竞争的外部环境条件。它显示了如何使用不同的基于市场的工具来加速和稳定过渡过程。税收和补贴在竞争技术的特征上有不同的表现。