Abstract Vehicles automation is one of the applications of smart transport system (STS), and has already been used by many automotive industries, such as Uber, Google, and Toshiba, on trial basis across the globe. These trials have faced many safety, privacy, and security issues, such as impersonation, Denial-of-Service (DoS), timing, and wormhole attacks, which raises many questions and concerns over the usage of these, keeping in view of the safety of the passengers. Although there exists many solutions in the literature for the above issues, but most of these are based upon the centralized architecture having a single point of failure. Motivated from the aforementioned discussion, in this paper, we analyze and discussed the threat classification pertaining to autonomous vehicles (AV) by using the authentication, accountability, and service availability. We highlighted the countermeasures for AV cyberattacks along with their implementation issues and explore how blockchain can overcome these issues. Also, a blockchain-based integrated AV architecture is discussed to mitigate the security and privacy issues with service availability. Finally, we explore the open issues and challenges of blockchain-based AV system.

中文翻译：

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工业 4.0 自动驾驶汽车基于区块链的安全攻击弹性方案：系统回顾

摘要 车辆自动化是智能交通系统（STS）的应用之一，已在全球范围内被Uber、谷歌、东芝等众多汽车行业试用。这些试验面临许多安全、隐私和安全问题，例如冒充、拒绝服务 (DoS)、计时和虫洞攻击，这对这些的使用提出了许多问题和担忧，同时考虑到安全性的乘客。对于上述问题，虽然文献中有很多解决方案，但大部分都是基于具有单点故障的中心化架构。受上述讨论的启发，在本文中，我们通过使用身份验证、问责制、和服务可用性。我们重点介绍了 AV 网络攻击的对策及其实施问题，并探讨了区块链如何克服这些问题。此外，还讨论了基于区块链的集成 AV 架构，以减轻服务可用性的安全和隐私问题。最后，我们探讨了基于区块链的 AV 系统的开放性问题和挑战。