Abstract During the last century, the human footprint on natural ecosystems has increased strongly and human-altered habitats such as urban and agricultural areas have extended globally. Despite their negative impacts on biodiversity, these habitats offer unique opportunities to study how native species respond to novel environmental conditions. Here, we studied phenotypic divergence associated with colonization of human-altered habitats in the Speckled wood ( Pararge aegeria ). We reared butterflies of woodland, urban and agricultural origins under common garden conditions and we measured boldness and activity at the adult stage. Both behavioural traits were repeatable at the individual level (i.e. personality traits), but we found weak evidence for ecotype-related differences in mean boldness and activity. In line with urban areas being stressful habitats, we found that boldness and activity traits correlate in urban butterflies, while we found no such syndrome in woodland and agricultural butterflies. Our results show that urbanization can alter some aspects of personality in an insect species, but they do not support the prediction that anthropogenic habitats favour boldness. Significance statement Human activities such as urbanization and intensive agriculture strongly alter terrestrial ecosystems and they are among the most significant threats to biodiversity. To tolerate human-dominated landscapes, many vertebrate species show behavioural shifts towards bold personalities, but similar responses remain rather overlooked in invertebrate taxa. Here, we studied the progeny of woodland, agricultural and urban Speckled woods reared under common garden conditions and we assessed their personality. We found little evidence for differences in personality traits among landscape types, but the behavioural syndrome linking boldness and activity was detected only in urban butterflies. This shows that urbanization can indeed shape some aspects of personality in invertebrates.

中文翻译：

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人为景观蝴蝶性格变化的实验测试

摘要 在上个世纪，人类对自然生态系统的足迹急剧增加，城市和农业区等人类改变的栖息地已在全球范围内扩展。尽管它们对生物多样性产生负面影响，但这些栖息地为研究本地物种如何应对新的环境条件提供了独特的机会。在这里，我们研究了与人类改变的栖息地在斑点木 (Pararge aegeria) 中的殖民化相关的表型差异。我们在普通花园条件下饲养了林地、城市和农业起源的蝴蝶，并在成年阶段测量了胆量和活动。这两种行为特征在个体层面上都是可重复的（即个性特征），但我们发现了与生态型相关的平均胆量和活动差异的微弱证据。与城市地区是压力大的栖息地一样，我们发现城市蝴蝶的胆量和活动特征相关，而我们在林地和农业蝴蝶中没有发现这种综合症。我们的研究结果表明，城市化可以改变昆虫物种个性的某些方面，但它们不支持人为栖息地有利于大胆的预测。意义声明 城市化和集约化农业等人类活动极大地改变了陆地生态系统，它们是对生物多样性最严重的威胁之一。为了容忍人类主导的景观，许多脊椎动物物种表现出向大胆个性的行为转变，但在无脊椎动物类群中类似的反应仍然被忽视。在这里，我们研究了林地的后代，在普通花园条件下饲养的农业和城市斑点木材，我们评估了它们的个性。我们几乎没有发现景观类型之间个性特征差异的证据，但仅在城市蝴蝶中发现了将大胆和活动联系起来的行为综合症。这表明城市化确实可以塑造无脊椎动物个性的某些方面。