Lignin-based nano- and microcarriers are a promising biodegradable drug delivery platform inside of plants. Many wood-decaying fungi are capable of degrading the wood component lignin by segregated lignases. These fungi are responsible for severe financial damage in agriculture, and many of these plant diseases cannot be treated today. However, enzymatic degradation is also an attractive handle to achieve a controlled release of drugs from artificial lignin vehicles. Herein, chemically cross-linked lignin nanocarriers (NCs) were prepared by aza-Michael addition in miniemulsion, followed by solvent evaporation. The cross-linking of lignin was achieved with the bio-based amines (spermine and spermidine). Several fungicides—namely, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and boscalid—were encapsulated in situ during the miniemulsion polymerization, demonstrating the versatility of the method. Lignin NCs with diameters of 200–300 nm (determined by dynamic light scattering) were obtained, with high encapsulation efficiencies (70–99%, depending on the drug solubility). Lignin NCs successfully inhibited the growth of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum, which are lignase-producing fungi associated with the worldwide occurring fungal grapevine trunk disease Esca. In planta studies proved their efficiency for at least 4 years after a single injection into Vitis vinifera (“Portugieser”) plants on a test vineyard in Germany. The lignin NCs are of high interest as biodegradable delivery vehicles to be applied by trunk injection against the devastating fungal disease Esca but might also be promising against other fungal plant diseases.

中文翻译：

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载有杀菌剂的生物基木质素纳米载体，作为在植物中递送药物的多功能平台。

基于木质素的纳米和微载体是植物内部有希望的可生物降解的药物递送平台。许多腐朽木材的真菌能够通过分离的木质素降解木质成分的木质素。这些真菌对农业造成严重的经济损失，如今许多这类植物病无法得到治疗。然而，酶降解也是从人工木质素载体中控制释放药物的诱人方法。在此，通过在细乳液中添加氮杂-迈克尔，然后蒸发溶剂来制备化学交联的木质素纳米载体（NC）。木质素与生物基胺（精胺和亚精胺）的交联。几种杀菌剂，即嘧菌酯，吡咯菌酯，戊唑醇，和Boscalid-在细乳液聚合过程中被原位封装，证明了该方法的多功能性。获得了直径为200-300 nm（由动态光散射确定）的木质素NC，具有很高的包封效率（70-99％，取决于药物的溶解度）。木质素NCs成功抑制了木质素的生长。衣原体小杆菌和最小杆菌，它们是与世界范围内发生的真菌葡萄干病Esca有关的产生木质素的真菌。在植物研究中，证明一次注入德国测试葡萄园的Vitis vinifera（“ Portugieser”）植物后至少有4年的效率。木质素NCs作为可生物降解的传递载体，可以通过树干注射法用于对抗毁灭性真菌病Esca，但也有望在对抗其他真菌植物病方面有希望。