Until recently, the evolutionary origin of aquatic organisms in the Balearic archipelago (western Mediterranean) had been scarcely addressed. The freshwater gastropod genus Pseudamnicola Paulucci, 1878 (Hydrobiidae), consisting of ∼60 species in the Mediterranean area, is widely distributed across the major islands of Majorca and Minorca. From phylogenetic datasets of limited geographic coverage, a recent well-supported split has been inferred between the Minorca and Iberian Pseudamnicola species, but the phylogenetic position of the Majorca clade composed of three species remained uncertain. In this study, we extend published sequence data for the COI and 16S rRNA mitochondrial genes and the 28S rRNA nuclear gene in western Mediterranean populations of Pseudamnicola with homologous sequences from individuals of the non-surveyed region of Morocco to assess the origin of the Balearic species from a wider geographic perspective. Our maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses recovered a strongly supported clade comprising the Majorcan species and four phylogenetic lineages in Morocco, two of which are new to science (described here as P. ramosae sp. nov. and P. ouarzazatensis sp. nov.). Dating the nodes using an external molecular clock rate, younger ages were estimated for the Majorcan species (∼1 Mya) than for the Moroccan ones (∼5 Mya), which were still younger than the formation of the Balearic Islands (∼30 Mya). An independent well-supported clade grouped the Minorca and Iberian species diverging at ∼4 Mya. Thus, we found two independent evolutionary origins within the Balearic archipelago likely attributable to long-distance dispersal events from the African and Eurasian continents. http://zoobank.org:pub:24D17C1D-4A42-4722-9867-D8D84465F55A http://zoobank.org:act:85EC4DF1-9BFA-4B28-B3F2-C091212AFCF1 http://zoobank.org:act:C790EAC6-F22B-489A-93EB-CABF9EEAF282

中文翻译：

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Pseudamnicola Paulucci, 1878 (Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea) 内的系统发育关系表明从不同大陆到巴利阿里群岛的两个独立的传播事件

直到最近，巴利阿里群岛（地中海西部）水生生物的进化起源几乎没有得到解决。淡水腹足动物属 Pseudamnicola Paulucci，1878（Hydrobiidae），由地中海地区的 60 种组成，广泛分布于马略卡岛和梅诺卡岛的主要岛屿。根据地理覆盖范围有限的系统发育数据集，最近在 Minorca 和伊比利亚 Pseudamnicola 物种之间推断出有充分支持的分裂，但由三个物种组成的 Majorca 进化枝的系统发育位置仍然不确定。在这项研究中，我们将已发表的 COI 和 16S rRNA 线粒体基因和 28S rRNA 核基因的序列数据扩展到 Pseudamnicola 的西地中海种群中，使用来自摩洛哥未调查地区个体的同源序列，以评估来自更广泛地理区域的巴利阿里物种的起源看法。我们的最大似然和贝叶斯推理分析恢复了一个强有力的分支，包括马略卡种和摩洛哥的四个系统发育谱系，其中两个是科学上的新物种（这里描述为 P. ramosae sp. nov. 和 P. ouarzazatensis sp. nov.） . 使用外部分子钟速率对节点进行约会，估计马略卡物种（~1 Mya）的年龄比摩洛哥物种（~5 Mya）更年轻，摩洛哥物种（~5 Mya）仍然比巴利阿里群岛的形成（~30 Mya）年轻. 一个独立的、支持良好的进化枝将 Minorca 和 Iberian 物种归为一类，它们在 ∼4 Mya 处分叉。因此，我们在巴利阿里群岛发现了两个独立的进化起源，这可能归因于来自非洲和欧亚大陆的长距离传播事件。http://zoobank.org:pub:24D17C1D-4A42-4722-9867-D8D84465F55A http://zoobank.org:act:85EC4DF1-9BFA-4B28-B3F2-C091212AFCF1 http://zoobank.org:EAC6: F22B-489A-93EB-CABF9EEAF282