Abstract In the United States, the market for “hard” (alcoholic) ciders is growing rapidly, with over $1 billion USD in sales in 2018. These ciders present a broad range of sensory profiles, especially for small-production ciders from craft and local cideries, which represent at least 25% of the market. Unfortunately, the sensory profiles that characterize craft ciders are not well-defined in comparison to wine and beer. The cider industry and small, local craft cideries in particular could benefit from a uniform language to identify sensory attributes that are desirable (or undesirable) among their products—this study explores the feasibility and utility of one such descriptive lexicon. For lexicon development, a first group of panelists (N 1 = 28) smelled and tasted Virginia ciders (K 1 = 6) and described, in their own words, their impressions of each cider. These open-ended comments were analyzed using classical text analysis to generate 26 sensory attributes for the Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) lexicon. A second group of subjects (N 2 = 56) smelled and tasted a second set of Virginia ciders (K 2 = 6) for the CATA validation; subjects rated overall liking (9-point hedonic scale) and selected CATA attributes for each sample. Twenty-one of the CATA attributes discriminated among the samples, correspondence analysis (CA) indicated that the attributes adequately spanned the sensory space for Virginia ciders, and penalty-lift analysis revealed attributes that were associated with consumer liking. This study demonstrates that a uniform descriptive language like a CATA can be used to describe hard cider and can be linked to consumer liking.

中文翻译：

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弗吉尼亚硬（酒精）苹果酒的全选 (CATA) 词典的开发和表征

摘要 在美国，“硬”（酒精）苹果酒市场增长迅速，2018 年销售额超过 10 亿美元。苹果酒，占至少 25% 的市场份额。不幸的是，与葡萄酒和啤酒相比，精酿苹果酒的感官特征并不明确。苹果酒行业，特别是小型本地手工苹果酒，可以从统一语言中受益，以识别其产品中理想（或不理想）的感官属性——本研究探讨了这样一个描述性词汇的可行性和实用性。对于词汇开发，第一组小组成员 (N 1 = 28) 闻和尝了弗吉尼亚苹果酒 (K 1 = 6) 并用他们自己的话描述：他们对每种苹果酒的印象。这些开放式评论使用经典文本分析进行分析，为 Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) 词典生成 26 个感官属性。第二组受试者 (N 2 = 56) 闻和品尝了第二组弗吉尼亚苹果酒 (K 2 = 6) 以进行 CATA 验证；受试者对总体喜好进行评分（9 点享乐量表）并为每个样本选择 CATA 属性。21 个 CATA 属性在样本中被区分，对应分析 (CA) 表明这些属性充分跨越了弗吉尼亚苹果酒的感官空间，惩罚提升分析揭示了与消费者喜好相关的属性。这项研究表明，像 CATA 这样的统一描述语言可以用来描述硬苹果酒，并且可以与消费者的喜好联系起来。这些开放式评论使用经典文本分析进行分析，为 Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) 词典生成 26 个感官属性。第二组受试者 (N 2 = 56) 闻和品尝了第二组弗吉尼亚苹果酒 (K 2 = 6) 以进行 CATA 验证；受试者对总体喜好进行评分（9 点享乐量表）并为每个样本选择 CATA 属性。21 个 CATA 属性在样本中被区分，对应分析 (CA) 表明这些属性充分跨越了弗吉尼亚苹果酒的感官空间，惩罚提升分析揭示了与消费者喜好相关的属性。这项研究表明，像 CATA 这样的统一描述语言可以用来描述硬苹果酒，并且可以与消费者的喜好联系起来。这些开放式评论使用经典文本分析进行分析，为 Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) 词典生成 26 个感官属性。第二组受试者 (N 2 = 56) 闻和品尝了第二组弗吉尼亚苹果酒 (K 2 = 6) 以进行 CATA 验证；受试者对总体喜好进行评分（9 点享乐量表）并为每个样本选择 CATA 属性。21 个 CATA 属性在样本中被区分，对应分析 (CA) 表明这些属性充分跨越了弗吉尼亚苹果酒的感官空间，惩罚提升分析揭示了与消费者喜好相关的属性。这项研究表明，像 CATA 这样的统一描述语言可以用来描述硬苹果酒，并且可以与消费者的喜好联系起来。