Abstract Introduction Land application of manure that contains antibiotics and resistant bacteria may facilitate the establishment of an environmental reservoir of antibiotic-resistant microbes, promoting their dissemination into agricultural and natural habitats. The main objective of this study was to search for acquired antibiotic resistance determinants in the gut microbiota of wild boar populations living in natural habitats. Material and Methods Gastrointestinal samples of free-living wild boars were collected in the Zemplén Mountains in Hungary and were characterised by culture-based, metagenomic, and molecular microbiological methods. Bioinformatic analysis of the faecal microbiome of a hunted wild boar from Japan was used for comparative studies. Also, shotgun metagenomic sequencing data of two untreated sewage wastewater samples from North Pest (Hungary) from 2016 were analysed by bioinformatic methods. Minimum spanning tree diagrams for seven-gene MLST profiles of 104 E. coli strains isolated in Europe from wild boars and domestic pigs were generated in Enterobase. Results In the ileum of a diarrhoeic boar, a dominant E. coli O112ab:H2 strain with intermediate resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin was identified, displaying sequence type ST388 and harbouring the EAST1 toxin astA gene. Metagenomic analyses of the colon and rectum digesta revealed the presence of the tetQ, tetW, tetO, and mefA antibiotic resistance genes that were also detected in the gut microbiome of four other wild boars from the mountains. Furthermore, the tetQ and cfxA genes were identified in the faecal microbiome of a hunted wild boar from Japan. Conclusion The gastrointestinal microbiota of the free-living wild boars examined in this study carried acquired antibiotic resistance determinants that are highly prevalent among domestic livestock populations.

中文翻译：

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野猪 (Sus scrofa) 肠道菌群中获得性抗生素耐药性决定因素的宏基因组分析——初步结果

摘要 引言 土地施用含有抗生素和耐药菌的粪便可能有助于建立耐药微生物的环境库，促进其传播到农业和自然栖息地。本研究的主要目的是在生活在自然栖息地的野猪种群的肠道微生物群中寻找获得性抗生素耐药性决定因素。材料和方法 在匈牙利的 Zemplén 山脉收集了自由生活野猪的胃肠道样本，并通过基于培养的、宏基因组学和分子微生物学方法对其进行了表征。来自日本的猎杀野猪粪便微生物组的生物信息学分析被用于比较研究。还，通过生物信息学方法分析了 2016 年来自 North Pest（匈牙利）的两个未经处理的污水废水样品的鸟枪宏基因组测序数据。在 Enterobase 中生成了在欧洲从野猪和家猪中分离的 104 种大肠杆菌菌株的七基因 MLST 谱的最小生成树图。结果 在一头腹泻公猪的回肠中，鉴定出一种对庆大霉素、妥布霉素和阿米卡星具有中等耐药性的优势大肠杆菌 O112ab:H2 菌株，其序列类型为 ST388，并含有 EAST1 毒素 astA 基因。对结肠和直肠食糜的宏基因组分析揭示了 tetQ、tetW、tetO 和 mefA 抗生素抗性基因的存在，这些基因也在其他四头来自山区的野猪的肠道微生物组中检测到。此外，tetQ 和 cfxA 基因在来自日本的猎杀野猪的粪便微生物组中被发现。结论 本研究中检测的自由生活野猪的胃肠道微生物群具有获得性抗生素耐药性决定因素，这些决定因素在家畜种群中非常普遍。