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Genomic evidence for gene flow between monarchs with divergent migratory phenotypes and flight performance.
Molecular Ecology ( IF 4.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-16 , DOI: 10.1111/mec.15508
Venkat Talla 1 , Amanda A Pierce 1 , Kandis L Adams 1 , Tom J B de Man 1 , Sumitha Nallu 2 , Francis X Villablanca 3 , Marcus R Kronforst 2 , Jacobus C de Roode 1
Affiliation  

Monarch butterflies are known for their spectacular annual migration in eastern North America, with millions of monarchs flying up to 4,500 km to overwintering sites in central Mexico. Monarchs also live west of the Rocky Mountains, where they travel shorter distances to overwinter along the Pacific Coast. It is often assumed that eastern and western monarchs form distinct evolutionary units, but genomic studies to support this notion are lacking. We used a tethered flight mill to show that migratory eastern monarchs have greater flight performance than western monarchs, consistent with their greater migratory distances. However, analysing more than 20 million SNPs in 43 monarch genomes, we found no evidence for genomic differentiation between eastern and western monarchs. Genomic analysis also showed identical and low levels of genetic diversity, and demographic analyses indicated similar effective population sizes and ongoing gene flow between eastern and western monarchs. Gene expression analysis of a subset of candidate genes during active flight revealed differential gene expression related to nonmuscular motor activity. Our results demonstrate that eastern and western monarchs maintain migratory differences despite ongoing gene flow, and suggest that migratory differences between eastern and western monarchs are not driven by select major‐effects alleles. Instead, variation in migratory distance and destination may be driven by environmentally induced differential gene expression or by many alleles of small effect.

中文翻译:

具有不同迁徙表型和飞行表现的君主之间的基因流动的基因组证据。

帝王蝶以其每年在北美东部的壮观迁徙而闻名,数百万的帝王蝶飞行了4,500公里,到达墨西哥中部的越冬地点。君主还住在落基山脉以西,他们沿着太平洋海岸越短距离越冬。人们通常认为东西方的君主构成了不同的进化单位,但是缺乏支持这一观点的基因组研究。我们使用系留式飞行磨机来证明,迁徙的东部君主比西部君主具有更高的飞行性能,这与他们的迁徙距离更大一致。但是,通过分析43个君主基因组中超过2000万个SNP,我们没有发现东西方君主之间存在基因组差异的证据。基因组分析还显示出相同且较低的遗传多样性,人口统计分析表明,类似的有效种群数量和东西方君主之间的持续基因流动。主动飞行过程中候选基因子集的基因表达分析揭示了与非肌肉运动活动有关的差异基因表达。我们的结果表明,尽管有持续的基因流动,东西方的君主仍保持迁徙差异,并表明东西方君主之间的迁徙差异不是由选定的主要效应等位基因驱动的。取而代之的是,迁徙距离和目的地的变化可能是由环境诱导的差异基因表达或许多影响较小的等位基因驱动的。主动飞行过程中候选基因子集的基因表达分析揭示了与非肌肉运动活动有关的差异基因表达。我们的结果表明,尽管有持续的基因流动,东西方的君主仍保持迁徙差异,并表明东西方君主之间的迁徙差异不是由选定的主要效应等位基因驱动的。取而代之的是,迁徙距离和目的地的变化可能是由环境诱导的差异基因表达或许多影响较小的等位基因驱动的。主动飞行过程中候选基因子集的基因表达分析揭示了与非肌肉运动活动有关的差异基因表达。我们的结果表明,尽管有持续的基因流动,东西方的君主仍保持迁徙差异,并表明东西方君主之间的迁徙差异不是由选定的主要效应等位基因驱动的。取而代之的是,迁徙距离和目的地的变化可能是由环境诱导的差异基因表达或许多影响较小的等位基因驱动的。并建议东西方君主之间的迁徙差异不是由选定的主要影响等位基因驱动的。取而代之的是,迁徙距离和目的地的变化可能是由环境诱导的差异基因表达或许多影响较小的等位基因驱动的。并建议东西方君主之间的迁徙差异不是由选定的主要影响等位基因驱动的。取而代之的是,迁徙距离和目的地的变化可能是由环境诱导的差异基因表达或许多影响较小的等位基因驱动的。
更新日期:2020-07-30
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