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Recurrent Shadow Attention Model (RSAM) for shadow removal in high-resolution urban land-cover mapping
Remote Sensing of Environment ( IF 13.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2020.111945
Yindan Zhang , Gang Chen , Jelena Vukomanovic , Kunwar K. Singh , Yong Liu , Samuel Holden , Ross K. Meentemeyer

Abstract Shadows are prevalent in urban environments, introducing high uncertainties to fine-scale urban land-cover mapping. In this study, we developed a Recurrent Shadow Attention Model (RSAM), capitalizing on state-of-the-art deep learning architectures, to retrieve fine-scale land-cover classes within cast and self shadows along the urban-rural gradient. The RSAM differs from the other existing shadow removal models by progressively refining the shadow detection result with two attention-based interacting modules – Shadow Detection Module (SDM) and Shadow Classification Module (SCM). To facilitate model training and validation, we also created a Shadow Semantic Annotation Database (SSAD) using the 1 m resolution (National Agriculture Imagery Program) NAIP aerial imagery. The SSAD comprises 103 image patches (500 × 500 pixels each) containing various types of shadows and six major land-cover classes – building, tree, grass/shrub, road, water, and farmland. Our results show an overall accuracy of 90.6% and Kappa of 0.82 for RSAM to extract the six land-cover classes within shadows. The model performance was stable along the urban-rural gradient, although it was slightly better in rural areas than in urban centers or suburban neighborhoods. Findings suggest that RSAM is a robust solution to eliminate the effects in high-resolution mapping both from cast and self shadows that have not received equal attention in previous studies.

中文翻译:

用于高分辨率城市土地覆盖映射中阴影去除的循环阴影注意模型 (RSAM)

摘要 阴影在城市环境中很普遍,给精细尺度的城市土地覆盖制图带来了高度的不确定性。在这项研究中,我们开发了一个循环阴影注意模型 (RSAM),利用最先进的深度学习架构,沿着城乡梯度在投射和自阴影中检索精细的土地覆盖类别。RSAM 与其他现有的阴影去除模型不同,它通过两个基于注意力的交互模块——阴影检测模块 (SDM) 和阴影分类模块 (SCM) 逐步细化阴影检测结果。为了促进模型训练和验证,我们还使用 1 m 分辨率(国家农业图像计划)NAIP 航拍图像创建了一个阴影语义注释数据库 (SSAD)。SSAD 包含 103 个图像块(每个 500 × 500 像素),其中包含各种类型的阴影和六种主要的土地覆盖类别——建筑物、树木、草/灌木、道路、水和农田。我们的结果表明,使用 RSAM 提取阴影中的六个土地覆盖类的总体准确度为 90.6%,Kappa 为 0.82。该模型在城乡梯度上的性能稳定,尽管在农村地区略好于城市中心或郊区。研究结果表明,RSAM 是一种强大的解决方案,可以消除在以前的研究中没有得到同等关注的投射和自阴影对高分辨率映射的影响。82 用于 RSAM 提取阴影内的六个土地覆盖类别。该模型在城乡梯度上的性能稳定,尽管在农村地区略好于城市中心或郊区。研究结果表明,RSAM 是一种强大的解决方案,可以消除在以前的研究中没有得到同等关注的投射和自阴影对高分辨率映射的影响。82 用于 RSAM 提取阴影内的六个土地覆盖类别。该模型在城乡梯度上的性能稳定,尽管在农村地区略好于城市中心或郊区。研究结果表明,RSAM 是一种强大的解决方案,可以消除在以前的研究中没有得到同等关注的投射阴影和自阴影对高分辨率映射的影响。
更新日期:2020-09-01
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