Wind strongly impacts the hydrodynamic and biogeochemical process of large shallow lakes, therefore wind stress also plays an important role in modeling the hydrodynamics and water quality of shallow lakes. In large shallow lakes, it may be necessary to modify the empirical wind-drag coefficient formula derived from ocean surface experiments because lake current velocities may be seriously underestimated in inland waters. To resolve this limitation, we added a wind-drag multiplier (α) to the wind drag formula in a lake hydrodynamic model. We used the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) to model the hydrodynamics of Upper Klamath Lake (UKL), Oregon. The moment-independent method for global sensitive analysis (GSA) based on sampling of input parameters was utilized. We found that the original model underestimated lake current velocities when compared to field observations, so we developed a modified model with a wind-drag multiplier. This model was calibrated to observed data from June 21–September 12, 2005, and verified with data from May 24–September 25, 2006. The results showed the calibrated modified model resolved the underestimation problem, e.g., at three sites in UKL the water velocity increased by 59–85%, and the relative error for the model decreased by 15–32%. Sensitivity analysis showed the modeled current velocities were more sensitive to the α coefficient than to the bottom roughness height z₀ and the coefficients in the original wind-drag formula. We believe the wind-drag multiplier affects wave propagation in the model and reconciles the mismatch between large shallow lake and open ocean conditions. Our results show that a relatively simple modification can alleviate the fundamental mismatch between modeling the hydrodynamics of the open ocean and large shallow lakes.

风对大型浅水湖泊的水动力和生物地球化学过程有很大影响，因此风应力在模拟浅水湖泊的水动力和水质方面也起着重要作用。在大型浅水湖泊中，可能有必要修改从海面实验得出的经验性风阻系数公式，因为在内陆水域中可能会严重低估湖泊的流速。为解决此限制，我们添加了风阻倍增器（α）到湖泊水动力模型中的风阻公式。我们使用了环境流体动力学规范（EFDC）对俄勒冈州上克拉马斯湖（UKL）的流体动力学进行建模。利用基于输入参数采样的全局无关分析的矩独立方法。我们发现，与野外观测相比，原始模型低估了湖流速度，因此我们开发了带有风阻倍增器的改进模型。该模型已根据2005年6月21日至9月12日的观测数据进行了校准，并已从2006年5月24日至9月25日的数据进行了验证。结果表明，经过校正的修正模型解决了低估问题，例如，在UKL水的三个站点速度增加了59–85％，模型的相对误差减少了15–32％。α系数要比底部粗糙度高度z ₀和原始风阻公式中的系数大。我们认为风阻乘数会影响模型中的波传播，并能调和大型浅湖与开阔海洋条件之间的不匹配。我们的结果表明，相对简单的修改可以缓解在模拟开放海洋和大型浅水湖泊水动力之间的根本失配。