The interaction between off-road tires and granular terrain has a great influence on the tractive performance of off-road vehicles. However, the finite element method or the discrete element method cannot effectively study the interaction between off-road tires and granular terrain. The three-dimensional combined finite element and discrete element method is applied to handle this problem. In this study, a calibrated finite element method–discrete element method model is established, in which the finite element model of off-road tire is validated by stiffness tests, while the discrete element model of gravel particles is validated by triaxial compression tests. The calibrated finite element method–discrete element method model can describe the structural mechanics of the off-road tire and the macroscopic mechanical properties of the gravel road. Tractive performance simulations of the off-road tire on gravel road under different slip conditions are performed with the commercial software LS-DYNA. The simulation results are basically corresponded with the soil-bin test results in terms of granular terrain deformation and tractive performance parameters versus the slip rates. Finally, the effects of tread pattern, wheel load, and tire inflation pressure on tractive performance of off-road tire on granular terrain are investigated. It indicates that the calibrated finite element method–discrete element method can be an effective tool for studying the tire–granular terrain interaction and predicting the tractive performance of off-road tire on granular terrain.

中文翻译：

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基于标定有限元法-离散元法模型的碎石路面越野轮胎牵引性能数值分析及实验验证

越野轮胎与颗粒状地形的相互作用对越野车辆的牵引性能有很大影响。然而，有限元法或离散元法无法有效研究越野轮胎与颗粒状地形的相互作用。三维有限元和离散元相结合的方法被用来解决这个问题。本研究建立了标定有限元法-离散元法模型，其中越野轮胎有限元模型通过刚度试验验证，砾石颗粒离散元模型通过三轴压缩试验验证。标定的有限元法-离散元法模型可以描述越野轮胎的结构力学和碎石路的宏观力学性能。使用商业软件LS-DYNA对越野轮胎在不同滑移条件下在碎石路面上的牵引性能进行了模拟。在颗粒地形变形和牵引性能参数与滑移率方面，模拟结果与土箱试验结果基本一致。最后，研究了胎面花纹、车轮载荷和轮胎充气压力对越野轮胎在颗粒状地形上牵引性能的影响。这表明标定的有限元法-离散元法可以成为研究轮胎-颗粒地形相互作用和预测越野轮胎在颗粒地形上的牵引性能的有效工具。